确发声是音乐初学者和音乐从业者入门的前提和专业成长的关键。笔者从发声方法、发声训练及嗓音保健等方面对正确发声进行探讨，希冀对音乐初学者有所裨益。

The right vocalization is the premise and key of a music beginner''s entry and professional growth. The writer explores from such aspects as vocalization, vocal training and voice care, hoping to benefit music beginners.

歌唱发声是一门技术性和实践性很强的学科，除了得具有先天的嗓音条件和基础的声乐理论知识，还需要很高的理解和领悟能力，刻苦的练习来掌握一定的发声方法和技巧，把握呼吸与调整气息的关系、协调整个的共鸣腔体，领悟姿势与呼吸状态对气息的影响、发声与音乐化声音的共鸣协调关系，要遵循发声自然规律，符合科学的发声方法才能有好的歌唱状态，才能唱出优美宏亮的声音。

The sound production is a subject with technical and practical nature. It demands the congenital voice condition, the foundation of vocal music theory knowledge, very high understanding and comprehension ability. It also needs hard practice to master a certain method and techniques to deal with the relationship between breathing and adjust breath, to coordinate the resonance cavity, to understand the influence of posture and breathing as well as voice and music sound resonance coordination. Only to follow the voice of nature, in line with the scientific method of voice can it have a good state of singing and can sing loud beautiful voice.

声带是人体发声的重要器官,目前声带瘢痕已成为引起发声障碍的一大重要因素,而声带瘢痕的形成为发声障碍的预防及治疗带来了新的难题.如何预防声带瘢痕及修复声带受损细胞外基质成为了学者们研究的重点.本文就声带瘢痕的形成机制、治疗进展以及如何预防做一综述.

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水声换能器的收/发声隔离度决定了很多水声设备的性能优劣。介绍了一种新型声学隔离系统,该系统改变了声障板的设计思路,使换能器的收/发声串漏得到明显降低。通过偶极子原理,提出了一种提高收/发声学隔离度的方案。利用有限元仿真手段,计算并验证了该种方案的有效性。参照仿真模型,制作了一套声隔离系统样机,在1个倍频程的频带内,该系统的收/发声隔离度大于40dB。该声隔离系统提高了现有水下声目标模拟设备的性能。

It is known that the performance of an underwater acoustic equipment closely depends on the acoustic R-T isolation of a transducer, i.e. the acoustic isolation between receiving and transmitting of the transducer. This paper in-troduced a new acoustic isolation system, in which the design of an acoustic baffle was changed so that the transducer’s R-T leakage decreased obviously. A method of advancing the acoustic R-T isolation was presented according to the dipole theory. The effectiveness of this method was evaluated and verified by the finite element simulation. Based on the simulation model, an acoustic isolation prototype system with an acoustic R-T isolation greater than 40dB in an octave was developed which significantly improved the performance of an existing underwater acoustic target simulator.

提出了一种基于声音的分布式多机器人相对定位方法.首先,每个机器人通过声源定位算法估计发声机器人在其局部坐标系下的坐标;然后,每个机器人(不含发声机器人)通过无线通信方式将发声机器人在其坐标系下的坐标广播给所有其他机器人,通过坐标变换每个机器人可计算出所有其他机器人在其坐标系下的坐标,从而实现分布式相对定位.理论推导及实验证明只要两个机器人先后发声,通过本文所提方法即可实现多机器人相对定位.室内外环境中采用6个自制小型移动机器人实验表明,所提方法在3米的范围内可实现16厘米的相对定位精度.

A sound-based relative localization method for distributed multi-robot systems is proposed. Firstly, each robot estimates the location of the sounding robot in its local coordinate system via a sound-source localization algorithm. Secondly, each robot (except the sounding robot) sends the local coordinate to all the other robots via wireless communi-cation, and then each robot calculates the locations of all the other robots in its local coordinate system using coordinate transformation, thus the distributed relative localization is realized. Theoretical derivation and experiments prove that as long as any two robots send sounds successively, the relative localization of multi-robot systems can be realized using the proposed method. Experiments in indoor and outdoor environments using six self-made small mobile robots show that a relative localization accuracy of sixteen centimeters within a range of three meters could be achieved based on the proposed method.