系统研究了我国本土两栖动物种黑斑蛙(Rana nigromaculata)变态发育过程中甲状腺组织学和甲状腺激素水平的变化,为甲状腺生物学和甲状腺干扰研究提供基础数据。黑斑蛙蝌蚪发育的形态变化:第26—40阶段,后腿芽生长并逐渐分化出五趾结构;42阶段,开始进入变态高峰期,前肢展开,尾吸收,蝌蚪身体发生巨大形变;46阶段,蝌蚪完全变态成小蛙。随着形态学的变化,甲状腺的组织结构也发生明显的变化:26—37阶段,甲状腺体积较小,增长缓慢;38阶段甲状腺体积迅速膨大,进入高峰期,甲状腺的发育达到顶峰;随着变态完成,甲状腺又逐渐缩小。甲状腺组织学变化的同时,甲状腺激素水平也相应发生变化:在变态前期,下颌中3,3’,5-三碘代-L-甲腺原氨酸(T3)水平增长缓慢,进入变态期后,T3含量迅速升高,在变态高峰期达到峰值,随后下降。以上结果表明,黑斑蛙发育过程中甲状腺组织学的变化与甲状腺激素水平的波动相吻合。对黑斑蛙甲状腺系统的研究,可为日后使用黑斑蛙开展甲状腺干扰作用的研究提供基础。

The metamorphosis of amphibians is considered as a good model to study thyroid hormone (TH) disruption. In the present study, we used Rana nigromaculata, a domestic species, to investigate thyroid development and the changes in TH levels during metamorphosis.We first described the morphological change during the tadpole develop-ment (stage 26-46) that the hind limbs appeared and finally formed five toes from stage 26 to 40. At the climax of metamorphosis, the dramatic changes include the protruded forelimbs and start-to-resorb tail. Tail resorption completed at stage 46, indicating the completion of metamorphosis. Corresponding to the morphological changes, histological fea-tures of thyroid gland changed significantly. From stage 26 to 37, the thyroid gland was small and developed slowly. At stage 38, the thyroid gland enlarged dramatically. The climax of thyroid gland development happened at the climax of metamorphosis. The thyroid gland began to shrink at the completion of metamorpho

采用常规生物化学分析方法研究了硬壳蛤的卵、D形幼虫、变态前幼虫和变态后幼虫的蛋白质、脂类、和碳水化合物的含量及发育过程中能量利用情况。试验结果显示,硬壳蛤卵中蛋白质、脂类和碳水化合物的含量分别为47.6%、42.2%和10.2%;每个卵所含的能量平均为0.988mJ。经过24h的孵化后,3种能源物质的含量均下降,蛋白质、脂类和碳水化合物相对下降12.5%、18.8%和13.9%,总能源物质含量下降15.3%。胚胎发育过程中每个幼虫平均消耗的能量为0.161mJ,其中脂类提供了68.5%的能量。幼虫变态过程中,蛋白质、脂类和碳水化合物相对下降25.1%、26.6%和19.2%。变态过程中每个幼虫消耗的能量为2.111mJ,蛋白质、脂类和碳水化合物分别提供了能量的44.4%、35.9%和19.2%。变态过程消耗的能量是胚胎发育过程的13倍。

The levels of protein , total lipid and carbohydrate and energy utilization were studied in fertilized eggs , D-shaped larvae , and premetamorphic , and postmetamorphic larvae of hard clam (Mercenaria mercenaria) .The results showed that the fertilized eggs was composed of 47 .6% protein , 42 .2% lipid ,and 10 .2% carbohydrate ,with average energy of 0 .988 mJ per egg .Twenty-four hours after fertilization ,there were decrease in approximate composition at a rate 12 .5% of protein ,18 .8% of lipid , 13 .9% of carbohydrate ,and 15 .3% of energy per egg .During embryonic development ,total energy of 0 .161 mJ was expended by an embryo ,in which 26 .0% derived from protein ,68 .5% from lipid ,and 5 .4% from carbohydrate .During the metamorphosis , 25 .1% protein , 26 .6% lipid , and 19 .2%carbohydrate were exhausted by the larvae ,2 .111 mJ individually ,accounting for 44 .4% in protein , 35 .9% in lipid and 19 .2% in carbohydrate .The energy consumption was found in the metamorphosis as

本文旨在探讨低剂量PCBs和PBDEs单一暴露和复合暴露的甲状腺干扰作用。非洲爪蟾46期蝌蚪单独或共暴露于100 ng·L-1 Aroclor 1254和BDE-209至62期。暴露结束后检测变态时间、甲状腺组织学结构、甲状腺相关基因表达水平等指标。结果发现， Aroclor 1254和BDE-209单独暴露使蝌蚪变态发育呈现一定的延迟趋势，而复合暴露却显著抑制蝌蚪变态发育；所有的暴露处理均导致蝌蚪甲状腺组织代偿性改变，表现为胶质面积减少，甲状腺滤泡上皮细胞高度显著增加；Aroclor 1254单独暴露显著抑制甲状腺激素受体（ TR?A）、Ⅱ和Ⅲ型脱碘酶（ DI-2，DI-3）的表达，BDE-209单独暴露仅抑制DI-2的表达，但BDE-209协同促进Aroclor 1254对肝脏内TR?A表达的抑制作用。综上，低剂量Aroclor 1254和BDE-209单独暴露和复合暴露对非洲爪蟾变态发育具有一定的甲状腺抑制作用，复合暴露的抑制作用明显高于单一暴露的作用。鉴于甲状腺系统在脊椎动物生长发育过程中的重要作用，低剂量PCBs和PBDEs复合暴露的甲状腺干扰效应应该受到格外关注。

This study aimed to investigate potential thyroid-disrupting effects of single and combined exposure to polychlorinated biphenyl ( PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers ( PBDEs) at low concentrations. Xenopus laevis tadpoles were exposed to Aroclor 1254 ( 100 ng·L-1 ) and/or BDE-209 (100 ng·L-1) from stage 46 to 62. At the end of exposure, metamorphosis time, histological structure of the thyroid glands, and expression levels of thyroid-related genes were examined. The results were as follow: a metamorphosis delay trend was found among the tadpoles in the single exposure groups, while the tadpoles following co-exposure exhibited a significant metamorphosis delay. All treatments caused compensatory histological changes in the thyroid glands, including decreased colloid area and increased height of follicular epithelial cells. Aroclor 1254 exposure significantly inhibited the expression levels of thyroid hormone receptor betaA ( TR?A ) , type Ⅱdeiodinase ( DI-2) and type

对驼背鲈（Chromileptes altivelis）的胚胎发育及仔、稚、幼鱼的形态特征进行了详细的观察与研究，描述了从受精卵到仔、稚、幼鱼各发育期的时间和形态特征变化。结果表明，在水温25-26℃、盐度30的海水中，受精卵历时27h 25min完成整个胚胎发育过程，经历从卵裂、囊胚、原肠、神经胚到肌节形成、各器官的逐渐形成、变化、完善等一系列的胚胎发育和变化过程；根据其卵黄囊消长情况、鳞片的覆盖状态、体色发生的不同变化以及第二背鳍和腹鳍的消长，将胚后发育分为仔、稚、幼鱼3个阶段。在水温22-26℃、盐度29？31、DO≥5 mg/L的条件下，2-3d仔鱼卵黄囊消失，开口摄食；生长发育至31 d，仔鱼已变态进入稚鱼期；培育至57 d，稚鱼完成变态，成为幼鱼。第二背鳍棘和腹鳍棘的生长与收缩等石斑鱼类早期发育的共性生长特征及其体表特性体色变化特征为驼背鲈胚后发育过程中最明显的特征。

Artificial breeding of Chromileptes altivelis is difficult to marine fishing, and related studies on C. altivelis are limited. The present study investigated the embryonic and morphological development of larval, juvenile and young fish of C. altivelis using microscope, anatomical lens and digital camera. The morphological features and the time of development stages were described. The results showed that the embryonic development of C. altivelis was divided into five stages:cleavage stage, blastula stage, gastrula stage, neurula stage, and organogenesis stage. The embryonic development requires 27 h 25 min under the following condition in the sea water at 25?26℃ and salinity of 30. The post embryonic development of C. altivelis was divided into larval stage, juvenile stage and young fish stage based on the features of the yolk-sac, finfold, second dorsal fin spine, pelvic fin spine, scale, and body color. The larval stage was further classified into early larvae and late la

以海洋橙品系( O)和珍珠白品系( W)蛤仔Ruditapes philippinarum为试验材料,采用双列杂交方法建立自交组OO、 WW和杂交组OW、 WO,研究了子一代蛤仔在不同发育时期生长、存活、变态的杂种优势及壳色遗传机制。结果表明：杂交组WO获得了一定程度上的单亲生长优势,杂交组OW在浮游期和变态期表现出生长优势,在稚贝期却表现出生长劣势,但正反交组总体上获得了一定程度的中亲生长优势；在存活率方面,正反交组的中亲存活优势和杂交组WO的单亲存活优势均表现出积极的一面,杂交组OW除了在3、6日龄时表现出一定的单亲存活劣势外,在其他日龄时均表现出存活优势；在变态期,正反交组的变态率表现出一定的中亲及单亲杂种优势；综合生长、存活率和变态率三方面来看,正反交组的杂种优势大小顺序均为WO>OW。研究表明,杂交组蛤仔生长和存活的杂种优势主要受到卵源(母本)效应的影响,且卵源(母本)效应不仅存在于幼虫期,还贯穿于变态期和稚贝期。橙色品系自交组后代壳色分离比(橙色.白色)符合3.1,与壳面颜色为隐性纯合子的珍珠白品系杂交的后代壳色分离比(橙色.白色)符合1.1,遵循孟德尔遗传定律,说明橙色对白色为显性,壳色是由简单的遗传基因控制,且与控制壳面花纹或条带的遗传基因不在同一

The 2í2 diallel cross of different shell color for Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarumstrains, two self-fertilized groups ( OO, WW) and two hybrid groups ( OW, WO) were conducted using orange strain ( O) with or-ange shell color and white strain ( W ) with white shell color to investigate the heterosis of growth, survival, meramorphosis and shell color determinism for offsprings. The results showed the positive single-parents growth heterosis of WO was observed in all stages, the same as OW expected the juvenile stage. The hybrid groups own the certain degree mid-parents growth heterosis. There were strong middle and single parent survival heterosis in hybrid groups. On metamorphic stage, the positive heterosis of metamorphosis was observed. In a word, the heterosis of WO was larger than that OW. The egg origin ( maternal) effects were the main factor influencing heterosis of growth and survival at all of stages. The shell color segregation ratio ( orange :white ) of self-fe