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双语推荐：奶牛

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物联网在奶牛养殖中的应用，不仅能有效优化奶牛养殖管理模式，而且为奶牛的精细化养殖提供有力手段，为提高奶牛年产奶量以及整个奶牛养殖产业的持续发展提供动力。目前，物联网技术在奶牛养殖方面的应用主要集中在奶牛场生产环境监测、奶牛生理监测、奶牛精细饲喂、溯源信息采集4个方面，为奶牛的科学管理提供数据支持。展望未来，随着科技的不断进步，相关研究不断推进，物联网技术将会应用到奶牛养殖的各个环节，基于物联网的科学饲喂、实时监测以及智能管理将是未来奶牛养殖产业的发展方向，它将进一步提高奶牛的产量和质量，提升奶牛养殖的现代化水平。
Internet of Things'' (IoT) application in dairy farming can not only optimize the management mode of dairy farming, but also provide powerful means for precision feeding of dairy cattle. It can also provide power for improving cow''s milk production, and make the whole dairy industry keep developing. Now, people mainly use IoT in monitoring dairy farm''s environment and dairy cow''s physiological information, and getting traceability information and dairy cow''s precision feeding, which can provide data support for the scientific management of dairy cow. With the progress of science and technology, people are carrying on more and more researches. IoT will be applied to every link of dairy farming. Scientific feeding, real-time monitoring and intelligent management will be the development direction of dairy farming industry in the future. It will improve the production and quality of dairy cow, and make dairy farming more modernized.

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对农垦齐齐哈尔管理局奶牛养殖小区的饲养经营模式及效益进行了调查,分析了奶牛小区建设给奶牛群带来的主要变化。通过分析不同模式奶牛小区生产经营状况,确定适合该地区奶牛业发展的奶牛小区经营模式。
The business model and economic efficiency of cow borough in Qiqihar land reclamation region were investigated. The main changes of dairy herd caused by cow borough construction were analyzed. By analysis of production and management status with different model,the proper business model of dairy industry development was determined in Qiqihar land reclamation region.

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奶牛子宫内膜炎是造成奶牛不孕的主要原因之一,严重影响奶牛业的发展。奶牛子宫内膜炎炎症发展过程中,多种因素对奶牛子宫的免疫调节均有不同程度的影响。奶牛子宫内的免疫防御机制主要是通过细胞免疫和体液免疫在起作用,其作用过程主要是通过子宫的特异性免疫和非特异性免疫在发挥作用。目前对奶牛子宫炎具有免疫调控作用的物质主要有细胞因子、激素、天然产物及抗原等,这些物质通过刺激奶牛机体的免疫应答,或者提高机体的免疫力而对奶牛子宫的炎症起到调理作用。论文从不同角度、不同层面对奶牛子宫内膜炎免疫机制及免疫调控进行了综述,对于奶牛子宫内膜炎进一步深入研究,研发预防和治疗该病的新型免疫制剂及疫苗提供参考。
Cow endometritis is considered to be one of the important factors of infertility w hich blocked the development of dairy industry .The immunoregulation of uterus is affected by many factors at different de-gree during the course of endometritis development .The main immune defense mechanisms of uterus in cows include cell-mediated immunity and humoral immunity which work through specific immunity and non-specific immunity ,respectively .At the present ,it is reported that immunoregulation substances (cy-tokines ,hormone ,natural product and antigen et al ) could stimulate immune response or enhance immuni-ty of cow to regulate inflammation in cow uterus .This paper summarized immunologic mechanisms and immunoregulation involved cow endometritis ,which will be the foundation for further study of this disease and guideline of the new immune preparations and vaccines to prevent and cure cow endometritis .

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2008年,内蒙古自治区开始全面实施政府保费补贴的奶牛保险。六年来,自治区奶牛保险取得了较快发展。本文通过对内蒙古自治区2008~2013年奶牛保险政策变化的梳理,总结出内蒙古奶牛保险政策发展的经验,为国内其他地区奶牛保险发展提供参考。
In 2008, Inner Mongolia began to comprehensively implement cow insurance policy which enjoyed premium subsidies from governments. During six years, the cow insurance has achieved rapid development in Inner Mongolia. This paper summarizes the development experience of cow insurance based on the analysis of cow insurance policy changes from 2008 to 2013 in Inner Mongolia and finally provides a reference for other domestic areas.

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通过对黑龙江省不同奶牛养殖规模的饲养成本和经济效益等问题进行调查研究,系统、全面的了解了黑龙江省奶牛养殖的成本和效益现状,提出走适度规模化、农牧结合的发展道路,实现科学的奶牛饲养管理,着力提高奶牛单产水平,改变原料乳增长方式,努力实现奶牛养殖由数量型向质量型战略转移,是提高黑龙江省奶牛养殖经济效益的主要途径。
In this paper, by researching the feeding cost and economic benefit of different dairy farming scale in Heilongjiang Province, obtained a systematic and comprehensive understanding of the costs and benefits of dairy cattle rising in Heilongjiang Province. Proposed to take a moderate scale and farming-livestock integrated system development path, realize the scientific management of dairy cattle breeding, strive to improve the level of milk yield raw milk, change the mode of growth, and strive to achieve of the dairy farming’s strategic transferring from quantity type to quality type were the main way to improve the economic benefits of dairy farming in Heilongjiang Province.

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奶牛瘤胃和肠道中微生态菌群的构成对奶牛的健康具有重要的作用。随着人们对奶牛胃肠道中乳酸菌的分离鉴定及其益生特性的研究,乳酸菌在奶牛健康养殖中的有益作用逐渐引起人们的重视。本文主要对奶牛瘤胃及肠道中乳酸菌种类和益生机理进行总结,旨在为奶牛的健康养殖提供一定的理论基础。
The microbial lfora in rumen and gastrointestinal tract play an important part in the healthy of dairy cows. With the development of isolation and identiifcation of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and the study of characteristics of LAB, LAB used in the healthful aquaculture of dairy cows caused more attention of people. This paper summarized the diversity and probiotic mechanism of LAB in rumen and gastrointestinal tract of dairy cows, for the purpose of promoting the application of LAB in the healthful aquaculture of dairy cows.

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为了提高个体奶牛产奶量及奶品质量,我国正积极研发推广先进的、有利于奶牛福利的智能化养殖设备。为此,研制了FR-200型奶牛智能化精确饲喂机器人,它可沿轨道吊挂,按程序自动运行、定位、识别奶牛,为每头奶牛分别精确配比并混合分送饲料,实现每天多次有规律饲喂,并能更改喂饲曲线,记忆和下载投送记录。这种饲喂方式能提高奶牛对饲料的消化吸收能力,有效改善奶牛瘤胃pH值,大大降低工作人员劳动强度。
In order to improve the individual milk yield and milk quality ,our country is actively researching for and popu-larizing advanced ,intelligent farming equipment for cow welfare .To this end , developed cow intelligent precise feeding robot of FR-200 .It can be hanging along the orbit , according to the program to run automatically and positioning , iden-tify cows,precise proportion and mix respectively distributed feed for each cow , realize regularly fed several times each day , and be able to change the feeding curve , memorize and download the delivery record .This feeding way can improve the digestion and absorption of the cows feed on ability , effectively improve cow rumen pH value , reduce staff labor in-tensity greatly .

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奶牛由于高强度代谢很容易受到氧化应激,氧化应激对奶牛的健康和产能具有负面影响,生产中有必要通过添加抗氧化剂来提高机体的抗氧化能力和减少氧化应激对奶牛的损害。本文主要阐述奶牛的氧化应激与危害,以及近年来奶牛的抗氧化研究进展
The cow susceptible to oxidative stress because of high metabolic,oxidative stress have negative impact to health and productivity of cows,we need feed cow with antioxidant to avoid oxidative stress. The scope of this review includes oxidative stress and its harm,as well as the research and application of antioxidants.

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奶牛养殖业在我国国民经济中占有重要地位，奶牛品种和营养等方面都受到了足够重视，然而我国奶牛单产仍然与世界奶业发展强国存在较大的差距，这主要是由奶牛环境需求得不到满足造成的。本文以奶业发达强国以色列模式为例，分析其奶牛环境方面成功的管理措施，并基于我国国情，探索出适宜的奶牛环境管理模式，改善奶牛的舒适度，提高饲料转化效率，对于提高养殖经济效益具有重要意义。
Dairy industry plays an important role in the national economy in China, and the breed and nutrition factors are paid more attention. However, milk yield per cow is still much lower compared to the developed country in theifeldofdairyindustry,causingbylackofappropriateenvironmentfordairycow.TakingIsraelimodelasanexample,successful dairy farm management and strategies are analysed to obtain a series of environmental management approaches toimprovedairycowenvironmentalcomfort,feedefifciencyandeconomicbeneiftsindairyindustry.

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[目的]以新疆天山北坡昌吉市郊区散养和规模化奶牛养殖场为对象，对奶牛体况、环境压力、牛体污染、乳房炎、血液性状等健康指标进行了调查分析。[方法]选择奶牛散养户5户和规模化奶牛养殖场的干奶期、泌乳初期和泌乳中期奶牛，分别于冬季和夏季进行体况、环境压力、乳房炎、血液性状等健康指标的测定与分析。[结果]干奶牛体况值略低于奶牛体况评分的理想值（3．5）；奶牛呼吸数夏季增加，超过50次／min；规模化奶牛养殖场的污染程度比散养户要高，尤其是冬季50％以上奶牛的牛体污染评价值高于3。规模化奶牛养殖场的奶牛乳房炎发病率达40％，并发现了感染金黄色葡萄球菌的病例。低血糖奶牛占一半以上．特别是干奶期比较突出。血液Alb和BUN偏低，干奶期牛群的BUN大多低于7mg／dL。血液中谷草转氨酶（AST）偏高，谷氨酰转肽酶（GGT）偏低，Ca含量正常，Mg含量较低。[结论]规模化奶牛养殖场存在干奶期奶牛能量及蛋白质不足；冬季环境恶劣并且污染程度较重，牛体污染及乳房炎发病率高；飞节损伤引起的肝功能衰退等现象，需要改进。
[Objective] The scatter-fed and large-scale dairy farm in Changji suburbs of Xinjiang on the north slope of Tianshan were used as research objects to investigate the body condition,breeding environment, hygine score and mastitis, blood characteristics and other health condition of dairy cows. [Method] The dairy cows in dry period, early lactating period and middle lactating period from 5 households and large-scale dairy farms were selected to determine the body condition,breeding environment,mastitis and blood characteristics and other health conditions in winter and summer respectively. [Result] Body condition of dairy cows in dry period was slightly lower than the ideal score of body condition (3.5). The breathing times of dairy cows in summer increased, up to 50 times per minute. The pollution level of large-scale dairy farms was higher than the scatter-fed cows. Especially in winter the pollution evaluation value of more than 50%of dairy cows were higher than 3. The incidence rate

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