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双语推荐：溶解率

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考察了溶解时间、溶解温度、柠檬酸钠浓度以及柠檬酸加入量对PbSO4、PbO在柠檬酸钠溶液中溶解行为影响。结果表明,PbO溶解0.5 h即可达到溶解平衡,而PbSO4溶解率则会在达到最大值51.16%后随溶解时间延长而降低。随溶解温度升高,PbSO4溶解率增大,PbO溶解率降低,最大降低37.98%;PbSO4、PbO溶解率均会随着柠檬酸钠浓度的提高而增大,且前者增大趋势更明显;增大柠檬酸加入量,PbSO4溶解率减小至6.39%,PbO溶解率则可增大至97.32%。研究结果可为柠檬酸法处理废铅酸蓄电池铅膏工艺提供基础性数据和理论支持。
Effects of dissolution time,dissolution temperature,the concentration of sodium citrate and the addition amount of citric acid on dissolution behaviors of PbSO4 and PbO in sodium citrate solution were investigated. The results showed that PbO dissolution rate reached 5 1 . 1 6% after dissolving for 0.5 h,and with the increase of dissolution time,PbSO4 dissolution rate first increased and then decreased. PbSO4 dissolution rate increased and PbO dissolution rate decreased 37.98% with the increase of dissolution temperature,however,both of them increased when increasing the concentration of citric sodium. With the increase of citric acid addition,PbSO4 dissolution rate decreased to 6 . 3 9%, by contrast,PbO dissolution rate obviously increased,reached 9 7 . 3 2%. The results have provided basic data and theoretical support for new technology of recovering lead from used lead-acid battery with citric acid-sodium citrate solution.

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为探索木粉在1-烯丙基-3-甲基咪唑氯盐（[AMIM][Cl]）中的溶解和降解问题,研究了预处理方式、溶解温度和时间以及液固比等对扶桑枝条木粉在[AMIM][Cl]中的溶解率和析出率的影响;分析了影响木粉溶解的关键因素;探讨了阻碍木粉完全溶解的机制。结果表明：预处理方式和溶解温度是影响溶解的最重要因素,用5%NaOH预处理木粉,溶解温度为80℃时,木粉在[AMIM][Cl]中的溶解率达60.20%,析出率为46.57%,球磨、高浓度碱以及高温会加剧原料降解;木粉溶解率很高时,析出率较低,更多的是木粉中天然高聚物的降解,而非真正的溶解;较为温和的条件下,木粉难以全部溶解;木粉在[AMIM][Cl]中的溶解度以及溶液黏度并非阻碍木粉完全溶解的因素,可能是因未溶纤维表面形成了胶体阻止了溶解的继续进行。
The effects of pretreatment methods, dissolving temperature, dissolving time, and liquid-solid ratio on the dissolution rate and the precipitation rate of mulberry powder in [ AMIM] [ Cl] were studied. The key factors and the mechanism of impedinge wood completely dissolution were discussed. The test showed that pretreatment methods and dis-solving temperature were the most important factors. When wood powder pretreated with 5% NaOH dissolved at 80 ℃, and the dissolution rate and the precipitation rate was 60.20% and 46?57%, respectively. However, severe pretreatment such as ball milling or high concentrations of alkali or high temperature would exacerbate degradation. In the case of high dissolving rate but low precipitation rate, wood powder was more degradation than dissolution. On mild conditions, wood powder was difficult to be dissolved. Factors that hinder the wood powder dissolved was not solubility or riscosity,might be the formation of colloid.

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通过氧化铅与柠檬酸反应制备了柠檬酸铅,考察了溶解时间、溶解温度、柠檬酸钠浓度和柠檬酸加入量对柠檬酸铅在柠檬酸钠溶液中溶解率的影响.结果表明:温度、柠檬酸钠浓度及柠檬酸加入量是主要影响因素,升高温度和提高柠檬酸钠浓度可显著提高柠檬酸铅溶解率;温度和溶解率呈正线性关系,拟合的线性方程为Y=0.76+0.63T;加入柠檬酸则对柠檬酸铅溶解有抑制作用.
Lead citrate was prepared by the reaction of lead oxide and citrate. The effects of dissolution time, dissolution tempera-ture, sodium citrate concentration, and the addition amount of citric acid on the dissolution rate of lead citrate in sodium citrate solution were investigated. Experimental results show that, dissolution temperature, sodium citrate concentration, and the addition amount of citric acid are the main influencing factors. Increasing the dissolution temperature or the sodium citrate concentration can significantly improve the dissolution rate of lead citrate. The dissolution rate of lead citrate has a positive linear relation with the dissolution tempera-ture, and the fitted linear equation is Y=0.76+0.63T. Adding citric acid can inhibit the dissolution of lead citrate.

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采用选择性溶解工艺,解决了Pt-Re重整废催化剂再生利用过程中铂铼分离难的问题。经实验研究,确定了废催化剂焙烧预处理的最佳条件为500℃下焙烧3 h,用20%硫酸溶解废催化剂,加入适量的硫酸亚铁抑制铂溶解,铼的溶解率可达98%,铂的溶解率为0.8%,渣率仅为7%,实现了铂和铼的分离,有利于铼的精炼提纯及铂的富集。
The hurdles of platinum-rhenium separation in the recovery process of spent Pt-Re reforming catalyst have been overcome by a selective dissolving technology. The technology involves roasting the spent catalyst at 500℃ for 3 hours, followed by dissolving Re in 20%sulfuric acid solution. Co-dissolution of Pt can be inhibited by addition of certain amount of ferrous sulfate. Under these conditions, effective separation of platinum from rhenium can be achieved. 98% of rhenium in spent Pt-Re reforming catalyst is converted into the solution and platinum dissolution is reduced to 0.8%, while the residue rate is only 7%.

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介绍了铑的溶解方法,研究了以铝作为活化剂高效活化溶解铑。采用单因素试验法分别考察铑铝质量比、活化时间、活化温度及溶解时间对铑在王水中的溶解状况,获得优化条件为铑铝质量比1∶10,活化温度1 200℃,活化时间80min,溶解时间30min;优化条件下,铑溶解率为99%以上。探讨了铑的活化机制。
The methods for dissolving rhodium were introduced ,and using aluminium as activator to high-efficiency activate and dissolve rhodium was studied .Effects of the ratio of aluminum and rhodium mass ,activation time ,activation temperature and dissolution time on rhodium dissolution in aqua regia were examined .The optimum conditions was determined as follows :m(Rh)/m(Al)=1∶10 ,activation temperature 1 200 ℃ ,activation time 80 min ,dissolution time 30 min .Under the optimum conditions ,the rhodium dissolution rate is more than 99% .The activation mechanism was also studied .

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为脱去腐乳中的蛋白质,实验分别选取盐酸法、三氯乙酸法及Sevag法三种方法,确定最佳脱蛋白方法并对其影响因素溶液pH、溶解时间、溶解温度进行研究,得出最佳的脱蛋白方法为盐酸法,其最适pH值为3.5,最适溶解时间为0.5h,最适溶解温度为35℃,脱蛋白率可达62.1%。
In order to remove protein from fermented bean curd,select hydrochloric acid method,tri-chloroacetic acid method and Sevag method to determine the best method for removing protein and study its influencing factors,such as solution pH value,dissolution time and dissolution temperature. The best removal method of protein is hydrochloric acid method,the optimum pH value is 3 .5 ,the optimal dissolution time is 0.5 h,the optimum dissolution temperature is 35 ℃,and the removing protein rate can reach 62.1%.

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为实现生物质原料的组分分离,研究了1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑甲酸盐([BMIM][HCOO])、1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑乙酸盐([BMIM][CH3COO])、1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑丙酸盐([BMIM][CH3CH2COO])、i-丁基-3-甲基咪唑二氰胺盐([BMIM][N(CN)2])4种离子液体在固液比为1∶20、温度为20～140℃下,对玉米秸秆各组分的溶解能力.结果表明:玉米秸秆在离子液体的溶解率随温度的增加而增加;4种离子液体中,[BMIM][CH3CH2COO]对玉米秸秆中纤维素和半纤维素的溶解能力最强,在140℃下溶解率分别达74.04％和79.22％,[BMIM][N(CN)2]对玉米秸秆中的木质素的溶解能力最强,在140℃下溶解率达75.15％;这4种离子液体对纤维素和半纤维素的溶解选择性均较低,[BMIM][N(CN)2]在140℃下对玉米秸秆中的木质素的选择溶解性系数可达2.03,显示出良好的分离性能.
In order to separate components of biomass,the selectivity of dissolution for the components of cornstalk with ionic liquids (ILs) were studied in this paper.Firstly four ILs,1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium formate ([BMIM] [HCOO]),1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([BMIM][CH3COO]),I-butyl-3-methylimidazolium propionate [BMIM] [CH3CH2COO] and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide ([BMIM][N (CN)2]),were synthesized in which cornstalk was dissolved at different temperatures form 20 ℃ to 140 ℃,with the solid-liquid ratio of 1∶20.Then based on the content change in the components of the cornstalk before and after dissolution,the selectivity of dissolution for the components of cornstalk with ILs was analysed.The experimental results showed that with increasing temperature,the dissolution rate of cornstalk in the ILs increased.At the temperature of 140 ℃,[BMIM][CH3CH2COO] had the strongest ability to dissolve the cellulose and hemicellulose in cornstalk,up to 74.04％ and 79.22

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研究了用钡盐脱硫渣制备氢氧化钡。通过单因素试验和正交试验,考察了溶解温度、反应时间、液固体积质量比对硫化钡溶解制备氢氧化钡的影响。结果表明:影响氢氧化钡的因素主次强度为溶解温度液固体积质量比反应时间;在溶解温度95℃、反应时间60min、液固体积质量比2.5∶1的最佳条件下,氢氧化钡生成率为98.92%,满足工业化需求。
Preparing of barium hydroxide using desulfurization slag of barium salts was investigated . The effect of temperature ,reaction time and the ratio between liquid volume and solid mass on product rate of barium hydroxide were examined by single factor and orthogonal experiments .The results show that the factors according to the significant level are temperature ,the ratio between liquid volumeand solid mass ,reaction time .Under the optimum conditions of temperature of 95℃ ,reaction time of 60 min and the ratio between liquid volume and solid mass of 2 .5∶1 ,the product rate of barium hydroxide reaches 98 .92% ,and meets industrial production requirement .

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高效快速的溶解金属铑或铑基合金废料，一直是铂族金属冶金中人们公认的技术难题。通常使用的高温氯化，熔铝碎化，NaHSO4熔融等方法，有一次溶解率很低(一般不到30%)，需反复多次处理，周期很长，金属损失大，环境污染严重，能源及试剂消耗大等缺点。金属表面呈化学惰性的结晶结构及可能形成某种惰性氧化物，是难溶的原因。针对粗金属铑（含Rh 85.78%）研究了高效快速溶解的新技术：①用熔锍及活性金属转态活化；②酸溶及过滤分离贱金属溶液；③ HCl溶液中直接加固体氧化剂溶解铑。在较短周期(24~48 h)内，铑的一次溶解率＞99%，贱金属溶液中Rh浓度＜0.0005 g/L，全过程铑回收率＞99%。
The rapid and efficient dissolution of metallic Rh or Rh-base alloy scraps was recognized as a difficult technical problem in the circle of platinum group metals. Generally, the methods to dissolve these scraps include the high-temperature chlorination, fragmentation through alloying with Al, and melting with NaHSO4,which possess a series of disadvantages, such as lower dissolution percentage (usually, less than 30% for one time dissolution), longer period, serious environmental pollution and larger consumption of energy and chemicals. The special crystal structure, which is chemical inert, on the surface of metals and some kinds of inert oxides formed on the surface may be the seasons for the difficult dissolution of crude Rh or Rh-base alloy scraps. A new process for rapid and efficient dissolution of crude rhodium was introduced in this paper. It consists of① changing chemical reaction activation of precious metals by smelting matte and activated metals;② separating base

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研究了印染废水处理系统中活性污泥在不同水力停留时间、不同污泥浓度和不同溶解氧含量条件下,CODCr去除率和ATP吸光值、TF吸光值的相关性.结果表明,实验最佳水力停留时间为12h,最佳污泥浓度为6g/L,最佳溶解氧含量为4mg/L.若检测不同水力停留时间或不同泥水比例的活性污泥的性质时,用ATP法和TTC法都很准确;当溶解氧含量在2~4mg/L变化时,用ATP法、TTC法皆可;当溶解氧含量大于4mg/L时,用ATP法更为准确.
The relevance of CODCr removal rate and ATP absorbance value and TF absorbance value are studied under the condition of different hydraulic retention time ,different sludge concentration and dif-ferent dissolved oxygen content .The results show that the best hydraulic retention time is 12 hours ,the best sludge concentration is 6 g/L ,the best dissolved oxygen content is 4 mg/L .If detecte the activated sludge properties under the condition of different hydraulic retention time or different sludge concentra-tion ,ATP and TTC would be accurance .When the dissolved oxygen in 2~4mg/L ,both of ATP and TTC are suited ;When the dissolved oxygen is bigger than 4 mg/L ,the ATP is better to detect the acti-vated sludge properties .

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