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双语推荐：硝酸异丙酯

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为研究硝酸异丙酯对单基发射药燃烧性能的影响,用密闭爆发器测试了加入硝酸异丙酯后单基发射药的燃烧性能。通过分析p-t曲线,得到最大压力、燃烧时间、气体生成猛度、压力全冲量、火药已燃百分数、火药力和余容等燃烧特性参数以及燃烧速度与压力之间的关系。结果表明,硝酸异丙酯使发射药的燃烧速度加快,燃烧时间缩短,燃速系数增大,压力指数减小。
To study the influence of isopropyl nitrate on combustion performances of single-base gun propellant,the combustion performances of single-base gun propellant under the condition of adding isopropyl nitrate were tested with a closed bomb.Combustion characteristic parameters including maximum pressure,combustion time,gas gen-erated brisance,pressure impulse,the percentage of gunpowder burned out,impetus,covolume,and the relation between combustion rate and pressure were obtained by analyzing pressure-time curves.Results show that isopro-pyl nitrate makes the combustion rate of propellant accelerate,combustion time shorten,combustion rate coefficient increase and pressure exponent decrease.

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目的制备单硝酸异山梨酯缓释片,并对其进行稳定性研究。方法以羟丙甲纤维素为骨架材料,与参比制剂(Imdur,阿斯利康)进行体外释放度比较,采用均匀设计法优化单硝酸异山梨酯缓释片处方,并考察缓释片在(40±2)℃、相对湿度75%±5%条件下的稳定性。结果经f2(相似因子)判断单硝酸异山梨酯缓释片释放曲线,与参比制剂相似。在(40±2)℃、相对湿度75%±5%条件下6个月的稳定性良好。结论单硝酸异山梨酯缓释片制备工艺简单易行,质量可控,符合大规模生产要求。
Objective To prepare Isosorbide Mononitrate Sustained-release Tablets,and to investigate the stability of the tablets. MetHods The formulation of sustained-release tablets of isosorbide mononitrate was optimized by uniform de-sign,and hydroxypropyl methycellulose( HPMC)as matrix material. The release profile was compared with that of Im-dur. The stability of tablets was studied under conditions of(40 ± 2)℃ and relative humidity 75% ± 5% exposure. Results The samples had the similar sustained-release property with that of Imdur. The tablets were stable to the temperature and relative humidity conditions of(40 ± 2)℃ and 75% ± 5% for 6 months. CoNclusioN Preparation process of Isosor-bide Mononitrate Sustained-release Tablets was simple and the quality can be controlled,which met the requirement for large scale production.

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许多物质的分解都具有自催化特性,常用的自催化鉴别方法是利用差示扫描量热仪（DSC）、微量量热仪（C80）等进行等温实验判定（简称“等温法”）。但等温法的温度选择较为困难,因此很有必要从实验角度找到一种简便有效的自催化鉴定方法。本文基于Roduit理论模拟的结果,从实验角度提出了分解反应自催化特性的判定方法（简称“中断回扫法”）,并利用该法以及等温法对4种样品（硝酸异辛酯（EHN）、2,4-二硝基甲苯（2,4-DNT）、过氧化二异丙苯（DCP）以及过氧化氢异丙苯（CHP））的分解特性进行判定。结果表明：EHN以及DCP的分解符合n级分解规律,而2,4-DNT以及CHP的分解符合自催化分解规律；中断回扫法可以快速、有效地用于鉴别物质分解是否具有自催化特性。
Many chemical substances will decompose in an autocatalytic manner, and such autocatalytic behavior can be identified through isothermal measurements, such as using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and microcalorimetry (C80). However, since it is difficult to predict the appropriate temperature for isothermal testing, it would be helpful to develop a simple and effective experimental method to distinguish autocatalytic decomposition. Based on the results of Roduit et al., a new technique for identifying autocatalysis is described herein, termed the“interruption and re-scanning”method. The decompositions of 2-ethylhexyl nitrate (EHN), 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT), dicumyl peroxide (DCP), and cumyl hydroperoxide (CHP) were assessed using both this new method and isothermal approach. Based on the results, the decompositions of EHN and DCP were found to proceed accord to the“nth order”law, whereas 2,4-DNT and CHP decomposed autocatalytically. We conclude that the inter

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在内径为0.2m、高5.4m的大型立式激波管内,同时对液体燃料和黑索金(RDX)粉末进行抛撒,采用底部直接起爆,得到了RDX-液体燃料-空气三相体系的爆压和爆速,利用烟熏技术得到了爆轰波的胞格结构、尺寸及长宽比。结果表明:90#溶剂油-空气两相体系的平均爆压为5~6 MPa,可以将其作为燃料-空气炸药的主燃料;向该燃料中添加硝酸异丙酯(IPN)可以降低其临界起爆能,添加RDX能够提高体系的爆速和爆压。此外,通过理论分析结合实验验证得出,多相爆轰的临界起爆能和爆轰胞格尺寸之间存在与气相爆轰类似的关系。
Liquid fuel and RDX dust were dispersed at the same time in a detonation tube with an inner diameter of 200 mm and length of 5.4 m,and the cloud formed was initiated by high explosive from the bottom.Detonation pressure and velocity were obtained by the pressure measurement system,and photos and detonation cell were got by smoke trace technology.The results indicate that the 90 # sol-vent oil-air cloud detonation pressure is 5-6 MPa,which means the 90 # solvent oil can be used as a main fuel of fuel-air explosive.By adding isopropyl nitrate (IPN),its critical initiation energy can be lowered,and by adding RDX the detonation pressure and velocity can be raised.The calculation and experimental verification also found a link between the critical initiation energy and detonation cell size of multi-phase detonation which is similar with the gaseous detonation.

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研究了用硝酸溶解电解锰粉制备钽电容器用高纯硝酸锰。考察了分析纯硝酸和工业级硝酸的溶解特性，确定了硝酸锰溶液的浓缩方式。试验结果表明，用15％的分析纯硝酸溶解电解锰粉可以获得高纯硝酸锰溶液，溶液经浓缩、过滤，最终获得合格的钽电容器用高纯硝酸锰。
Preparation of high purity manganous nitrate using electrolytic manganese powder dissolved in nitric acid was studied .The dissolution properties of analytic grade and industrial grade nitric acid were examined ,and concentrated way of manganous nitrate solution were determined .The experimental results show that high purity manganous nitrate solution can be obtained using analytic grade nitric acid(15% ) .After being concentrated and filtrated ,the solution can be using to preparate tantalum capacitor .

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分析了硝酸镁法生产浓硝酸过程中稀硝酸镁含硝量高的危害性。通过采取加强对加热器的维护、优化硝酸镁沉降方法和改变硝酸镁投料方式等一系列优化改进措施,提升了浓硝酸装置连续运行能力,降低了装置综合能耗。
The harmfulness of high nitrate content in dilute magnesium nitrate in production of concentrated nitrate acid by magnesium acid method is analyzed .By taking a series of optimization and improvement measures , such as strengthening maintenance of heaters , optimizing precipitation of magnesium nitrate and changing feeding mode of magnesium nitrate , the continuous operation capacity of concentrated nitric acid plant is promoted , and comprehensive energy consumption of plant is reduced .

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目的：探讨维生素C对硝酸甘油耐受性的影响。方法选取30只兔龄5～6个月的健康家兔，将取出的兔胸主动脉环按随机数字表法分为3组：对照组、硝酸甘油组、硝酸甘油＋维生素C组，每组10份，分别做硝酸甘油量效关系及超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活力和丙二醛（MDA ）水平测定。结果对照组的最大舒张程度为（96±7）％，硝酸甘油组的最大舒张程度为（63±7）％，硝酸甘油＋维生素C组的最大舒张程度为（86±5）％，硝酸甘油组、硝酸甘油＋维生素C组可以明显增强兔离体动脉环对硝酸甘油的反应性。硝酸甘油组血管组织中MDA含量明显要高于对照组和硝酸甘油＋维生素C组，差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01），而对照组和硝酸甘油＋维生素C组的MDA含量差异无统计学意义。硝酸甘油组血管组织中SOD活力明显要低于对照组和硝酸甘油＋维生素C组，差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05），而对照组和硝酸甘油＋维生素C组的SOD 活力差异无统计学意义。结论维生素C可改善硝酸甘油的耐受性。
Objective To study the effect of vitamin C on tolerance to nitroglycerin .Methods Thirty cases of normal rabbits aged 5‐6 months were divided into three groups randomly ,including control group ,nitroglycerin group and nitroglycerin + vitamin C group .Effect relationship of nitroglycerin ,SOD activity and MDA in tissues were determined at the end of the experiment .Results The maximum diastolic level ,SOD activity and MDA in control group were (96 ± 7)% ,(388 ± 42)U/mg ,(1.66 ± 0.09)nmol/mg ,and those of nitroglycerin group were (63 ± 7)% ,(330 ± 28)U/mg ,(9.44 ± 0.63)nmol/mg ,while in nitroglycerin+vitamin C group were (86 ± 5)% , (378 ± 39)U/mg ,(1.71 ± 0.16)nmol/mg ,respectively .The maximum diastolic level ,SOD activity in control group were higher than those of nitroglycerin group ,the level of MDA in control group were lower than that of ni‐troglycerin group .The maximum diastolic level ,SOD activity in nitroglycerin + vitamin C group were higher than those o

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分析了硝酸镁法浓硝酸生产中硝酸镁损耗的原因。从工艺操作和预防泄漏两方面着手，提出了一些降低硝酸镁损耗的措施，对于生产和节能降耗具有一定的指导意义。
Analyzes the loss reasons of magnesium nitrate in the production of concentrated nitric acid. Put forwards some measures to reduce the consumption of magnesium nitrate from two aspects: technical operation and leakage prevention, which is of guiding significance to production and energy saving and consumption reducing.

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采用动电位极化曲线测量、开路电位测量等技术，研究了304奥氏体不锈钢在不同浓度硝酸溶液中的电化学腐蚀行为，并对304奥氏体不锈钢在硝酸溶液中的电化学反应历程进行了探讨。结果表明：304奥氏体不锈钢在硝酸溶液中具备不锈钢典型的极化曲线特征，有多个钝化区和过钝化区；硝酸浓度升高促进不锈钢表面钝化膜的生成，使开路电位向正电位方向移动，降低了硝酸溶液对不锈钢的腐蚀倾向，同时，随着硝酸浓度的升高，不锈钢的点蚀电位升高，提高了不锈钢耐点蚀能力；在硝酸溶液中，不锈钢的腐蚀速率同时受到酸度和硝酸根浓度的影响，二者相互矛盾，导致硝酸浓度对腐蚀速率的影响呈不规律性。结果表明，在0.5 mol/L硝酸中，不锈钢的腐蚀速率最高。
The effect of varying concentrations of nitric acid on the electrochemical corrosion of 304 austenitic stainless steel has been investigated.The study was carried out using poten-tiodynamic cyclic polarization,open-circuit potential measurements.The reaction process of 304 austenitic stainless steel in nitric acid was under discussion.304 austenitic stainless steel shows the same electrochemical characteristics with other stainless steel,and its polarization curve contains several passive regions and active regions.Electrochemical measurements indicate that nitric acid improves the pitting corrosion resistance capacity of 304 austenitic stainless steel by promoting the formation of passive film on the surface,and shifts the open-circuit potential to more positive values.Furthermore,nitric acid effects the corrosion rates of stainless steel in two contradictory ways.The result shows that 0.5 mol/L nitric acid has the highest corrosion rate.

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通过对当前国内几种浓硝酸生产方法的分析与比较之后,提出超共沸酸精馏法制取浓硝酸的生产新方法,该法可实现装置大型化,同时实现质量分数40%~45%,55%~60%和68%的稀硝酸与浓硝酸联合生产。与同规模硝酸镁法制取浓硝酸相比,超共沸酸精馏法可节省建设投资约20%,吨酸节能30%、减排CO20.37 t、制造成本降低14%,是今后我国浓硝酸发展可供选择的生产方法。由于对硝酸质量分数在70%~90%区域的相关理论数据研究力度不够以及在该浓度下对设备材质的选用仍存在一定的疑虑,望今后以此作为课题进行研究,使超共沸酸精馏法制取浓硝酸早日实现工业化。
Through analysis and comparison of several production processes for concentrated nitric acid currently used in China , a new process to produce concentrated nitric acid by super azeotropic acid rectification is proposed , this process can realize equipments large-size, co-produce dilute nitric acid and concentrated nitric acid simultaneously , the mass fractions of which are 40%~45%,55%~60%and 68%.Compare with the same capacity plant adopting magnesium nitric process to produce concentrated nitric acid , by using super azeotropic acid rectification process can it save construction investment by 20%, energy saving per ton acid is 30%, emission reduction of CO 2 is 0.37 t, production cost reduced by 14%, being an alternative process in development of concentrated nitric acid production in China .Because research on relative theoretical data of nitric acid with mass fraction concentration of 70%~90% is not enough , and there are some doubts about the equipment material selection under the

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