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双语推荐：草谷比

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该文用文献研究法、综合分析法研究中国主要农作物草谷比取值、中国作物秸秆资源量估算、中国作物秸秆主要利用方式、秸秆利用存在的问题以及秸秆综合利用的对策。研究结论认为:(1)广义的秸秆资源包括田间秸秆和农产品加工副产品。田间秸秆量的估算采用作物经济产量与收获指数或草谷比来计算转换,农产品加工副产品量的估算多采用比重法。(2)目前对主要作物草谷比的取值以及秸秆资源量估算结果尚存在较大差异。研究表明不同作物草谷比取值差异较大,同类作物受自然条件、品种差异、科技水平等因素的影响也存在差异。因生长环境、播种面积、估算精度等因素不同,中国秸秆资源量估算结果有年际差异和年内差异。(3)作物秸秆的利用方式主要有:秸秆还田、秸秆作饲料、秸秆作能源、秸秆作工业原料和秸秆栽培食用菌,但目前作物秸秆利用效果尚难令人满意。秸秆资源利用仍存在利用率低、转化率低、经济效益低和环境污染严重等问题。该文对中国作物秸秆资源量估算与利用状况进行综合研究,提出今后的研究方向,应进一步规范秸秆资源量的估算范畴,准确测量和确定各地作物草谷比,探索秸秆资源利用与主体产业的结合方式,拓展相关产业。
Based on the methods of literature research and comprehensive analysis, this paper analyzed the ratio of straw and grain and the amount of crop residue resources of staple crops in China, pointed out the ways of utiliza-tion, problems, and countermeasures of crop residue resources. The results showed that ( 1 ) Crop residue re-sources included field residues and processing residues. Field crop residues could be estimated by the conversion of economic yield and harvest index or the ratio of straw and grain. Processing residues could be calculated by specific gravity method. (2) The results of the ratio of straw and grain of main crops and estimations of crop residues re-sources were different according to different studies. The same crops still had difference in ratio of straw and grain because of natural conditions, varieties and technology, etc, and yearly and inter-year differences of crop resi-dues resources were mainly due to growing environment, acreage and estimating precision. (

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本研究根据不同昆虫细胞色素单加氧酶P450基因CYP4基因家族保守氨基酸序列，设计简并引物，通过RT-PCR扩增出了大草蛉Chrysopa septempunctata P450基因417 bp cDNA片段，命名为CSP450。该片段编码138个氨基酸残基，与已公布的烟草天蛾Manduca sexta、赤拟谷盗Tribolium castaneum、嗜卷书虱Liposcelis bostrychophila、玉米夜蛾Laphygma exigua、家蚕Bombyx mori、不吉按蚊Anopheles funestus和红火蚁Solenopsis invicta的CYP4 P450氨基酸序列进行比对，其相似性分别为59%、59%、54%、54%、58%、54%、54%。研究表明，用1 mg/L的吡虫啉溶液对大草蛉幼虫进行诱导，实时荧光定量PCR技术检测大草蛉体内CSP450基因的转录表达呈上调趋势，推测该基因可能参与了大草蛉体内吡虫啉的分解代谢过程。
In this study, a pair of degenerate primers was designed based on the conserved amino acid regions of single oxygenase cytochrome P450 gene CYP4 gene family in insects. A P450 gene of 417 bp from Chrysopa septempunctata was amplified by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and named as CSP450. The cDNA fragment encoded 138 amino acid residues. The amino acid sequence was highly identical to those reported sequences of CYP4 P450 gene from Manduca sexca (59%), Tribolium castaneum (59%), Liposcelis bostrychophila (54%), Laphygma exigua (54%), Bombyx mori (58%), Anopheles funestus (54%), Solenopsis invicta (54%). C. septempunctata larvae were treated by 1 mg/L imidacloprid. The transcription of C. septempunctata CSP450 gene in larvae was detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR after imidacloprid induction. The results indicated that CSP450 expression was up-regulated by imidacloprid induction, demonstrating that CSP450 gene might participate in the catabolic process

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为了快速准确地掌握青藏高原草地生产力/产草量及草畜平衡情况,促进藏区草地资源可持续利用,实现青藏高原生态与生产协调发展,有必要对青藏高原不同行政区域天然草地及补饲后的载畜能力和草畜平衡问题开展研究。该研究首先结合MODIS(moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer)的归一化植被指数(normalized difference vegetation index,NDVI)数据、青藏高原草地类型图、气象数据、土壤质地数据等数据,利用改进的CASA(carnegie-ames-stanford-approach)模型,对青藏高原草地产草量进行了估算,并分析了青藏高原草地天然产草量的空间分布情况。然后利用草谷比法估算了青藏高原饲用秸秆资源量及空间分布情况,计算得出各县市可利用的秸秆资源的载畜量情况。最后根据草地产草量、秸秆资源载畜量和实际载畜量,利用草畜平衡模型,模拟得出各县市的超载过牧情况。结果表明:2010年,青藏高原年产草量区域差异十分明显,西藏年产草量最大为2642.89万t,青海藏区次之,为2 307.60万t;云南藏区最低,为37.36万t。青藏高原天然草地总载畜量为8 363.04万只(羊单位,以下同),其中,青海省藏区为2 889.10万只,西藏为2 789.35万只,四川藏区为1 854.10万只,甘肃藏区为796.42万只,云南藏区为3
In order to quickly and accurately know grassland productivity and the balance between the actual livestock and carrying capacity of the grassland, to promote the rational use of grassland and ensure the sustainable development of ecological environment and animal husbandry on the Tibetan Plateau, it is necessary to estimate the stock capacity of natural grassland and grassland after supplementing feed, as well as understand grassland balance situation supplementing feed before and after among different administrative regions in the Tibetan Plateau. The study estimated the grass yield on the Tibetan Plateau and analyzed the yield’s spatial distribution of natural grassland using an improved model of CASA combined with the data of NDVI from MODIS, grassland type maps, meteorological data, soil texture on the Tibetan Plateau. The paper adopt the method of straw-to-grain ratio to estimate the volume of straw forage among different administrative regions in the Tibetan Plateau and then to

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以郑单958和丰单3号的3展叶期幼苗为材料，在人工气候室进行盆栽试验，研究4℃低温胁迫至幼苗死亡过程中叶片氮素代谢关键酶活的变化规律及聚糠萘水剂(PKN)的调控效应。结果表明，低温胁迫打破了氮素代谢平衡，致使氮素同化相关酶硝酸还原酶活性(NRA)、谷氨酰胺合成酶活性(GSA)和谷氨酸-草酰乙酸转移酶活性(GOTA)于胁迫初期升高，之后迅速下降，且GSA和GOTA降低比NRA提前2 d。随低温胁迫时间的延长，玉米幼苗受害加重，蛋白酶、肽酶活性增加，叶片可溶性蛋白与游离氨基酸含量升高。PKN处理提高了NRA、GSA、GOTA，降低了蛋白酶、肽酶活性，维持氮素代谢稳定，促进单株干物重增加，提高了玉米幼苗抗冷性。
A pot experiment of maize seedlings(material:Zhengdan958 and Fengdan3) was conducted in artificial climate chamber to investigate the effects of low temperature stress and the chemical regulator PKN with various nitro-gen metabolism key enzymes activities. The results showed that the low temperature stress broken nitrogen metabolism balance and made NRA, GSA, GOTA significantly increasing in the beginning 2-3 days of the low temperature pres-sure, and then descended quickly. GSA and GOTA were faster than NRA 2 days. Low temperature stress increased protease and peptidase activity, promote protein decomposed. And soluble protein and free amino acid content in-creased. PKN pretreatment improved NRA, GSA, GOTA, maintained the stability of nitrogen metabolism and reduce the protease, peptidase activity, promoted the dry weight increased, improved the maize seedling cold resistance.

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以松毛虫赤眼蜂为对象，对其不同温度条件下的谷胱甘肽硫转移酶比活力进行测定，结果表明：在15℃处理条件下，谷胱甘肽硫转移酶的比活力最低，为6．80±4．71；在35℃处理条件下最高，为98．22±1．76；25℃处理介于两者之间，为32．49±2．60；3种温度条件下的谷胱甘肽硫转移酶比活力存在显著差异（P ＜0．05），且随着温度的升高比活力显著上升。
Trichogramma dendrolimi was taken as objects to measure specific activity of glutathione S -transferase under different temperature conditions , results indicated that the lowest specific activity of glutathione S -transferase was 6.80 ± 4.7 that temperature reached at 15℃, whereas the highest specific activity was 98.22 ±1.76 that temperature reached at 35℃.When temperature reached at 25℃, the value was 32.49 ±2.60.Specific activity of glutathione S -transferase showed significant differences among the three different temperature conditions , and the specific activity increased with the rise of temperature .

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为了充分利用有关电力优惠政策，降低供热锅炉的运行费用，采用电锅炉蓄热技术，提出了临界峰谷电价比的概念和相应的计算方法，对电锅炉蓄热实际运行数据进行分析，并比较其与常规燃气供热锅炉的初投资及运行费用，得到临界峰谷电价的比值。计算分析表明，峰谷电价比大于临界峰谷电价比时，采用电锅炉蓄热供热比较经济合算，且投资回收年限随着峰谷电价比的增大而缩短。
The electric boiler storage technology is applied in order to make good use of elec-tric privilege policy and reduce the operating costs of heating boiler substantially.Putting forward the concept of critical peak-valley price ratio and the corresponding calculation method,through the analysis of actual operating data and comparing the initial investment and operating costs of the electric boiler heat storage with that of conventional gas heating boiler,we can get the ratio of critical peak-valley price .Calculation and analysis show that u-sing the electric boiler heat storage heating is economical and its investment recovery period along with the increase of the ratio of peak-valley price reduces when the peak-valley price is greater than the critical peak-valley price ratio.

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目的 评价还原型谷胱甘肽肠溶胶囊治疗慢性乙型肝炎的有效性和安全性.方法 采用多中心、随机、双盲双模拟、阳性药平行对照的临床试验方法.入选人群为轻、中度慢性乙型肝炎患者204例,随机分成还原型谷胱甘肽肠溶胶囊治疗组和还原型谷胱甘肽片治疗组,每组102例.服药方法为0.4 g/次,3次/d口服,疗程12周.共有17例患者脱落,实际187例可供疗效评价及安全性评价.非正态分布的计量资料采用秩和检验,计数资料采用卡方检验.结果 治疗12周末,还原型谷胱甘肽肠溶胶囊组(ALT:64 U/L比134 U/L,T=-1050.5,P＜0.01；AST:47 U/L比76 U/L,T=-1033.5,P＜0.01;TBil:15 μmol/L比16 μmol/L,T=-681.0,P＜0.05;γ-GT:38 U/L比47 U/L,T=-545.0,P＜0.05)和还原型谷胱甘肽片组(ALT:72 U/L比122 U/L,T=-1205.5,P＜0.01;AST:51 U/L比72 U/L,T=-1187.5,P＜0.01;TBil:15 μmol/L比17 μmol/L,T=-624.5,P＜0.05；γ-GT:36 U/L比52 U/L,T=-776.0,P＜0.05)多项肝功能指标均较治疗前显著改善.还原型谷胱甘肽肠溶胶囊组显效率及有效率分别为28.72％(27/94)和12.77％(12/94),还原型谷胱甘肽片组分别为18.28％(17/93)和12.90％(12/93),两组间差异无统计学意义(x2 =0.679,均P＞0.05).还原型谷胱甘肽肠溶胶囊组和还原型谷胱甘肽片组[不良事件发生率:10.64％(10/94)比10.75％(10/93);药物相关的不良事件发生率:1.1％(1/94)比0；均P＞0.05]较少发生不良反应,安全性较好.结论 还原型谷胱甘肽肠溶胶囊能显著降低慢性乙型肝炎的转氨酶水平,且安全性良好.
Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of reduced glutathione enteric-coated capsule in the management of chronic hepatitis B.Methods A multi-center,randomized,double-blind and double-dummy,positive-and parallel-controlled trial was conducted in patients with mild or moderate chronic hepatitis B.Two hundred and four subjects were randomly divided into reduced glutathione enteric-coated capsule group (n =102) and control group (reduced glutathione tablet group,n=102).Patients in both groups were orally dosed 0.4 g three times daily for 12 weeks.There were 17 dropout cases,and finally 187 patients were available for the assessment.Difference of quantitative date was analyzed by rank sum test,and differene of measurement date was compared with analysis of variance.Results At the end of week 12,parameters of liver functions were significantly improved when compared with baseline in both reduced glutathione enteric-coated capsule group [alanine aminotransferase (ALT):64 U/L vs 134 U/

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通过单因素及正交实验对酿酒酵母摇瓶发酵产谷胱甘肽的培养条件优化进行了研究。结果表明：影响酿酒酵母摇瓶发酵产谷胱甘肽的主要因素有葡萄糖浓度、接种量、装液量和发酵时间,实验确定的最佳条件：葡萄糖浓度20 g/L,温度30℃,装液量50 mL,接种量8%,发酵时间54 h。条件优化后谷胱甘肽的含量比原来增加了4.21%,谷胱甘肽的产量比原来增加了15.81%。
The culture conditions of glutathione from Saccharomyces cerevisiae by shake-flask fermentation are optimized by single factor and orthogonal experiments.The results show that the major factors affecting the yield of glutathione are identified as the glucose concentration,inoculation amount,liquid volume and fermentation time.The optimum conditions of shake-flask fermentation are as follows:glucose concentration of 20 g/L,temperature of 30 ℃,liquid volume of 50 mL in 250 mL of flask,inoculation amount of 8%,fermentation time of 54 h.The results show that the content and yield of glutathione from Saccharomyces cerevisiae increase 4.21% and 15.81%respectively.

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目的：探讨谷氨酰胺对非酒精性脂肪性肝病（NAFLD）大鼠肠黏膜上皮细胞紧密连接蛋白的调控，及其对大鼠肠黏膜屏障的保护作用。方法建立NAFLD大鼠模型。实验分为正常组、模型组和谷氨酰胺组各12只，以第8周和第12周为时间点，观察肝脏病理学改变、记录肝指数，鲎试剂终点比色法检测内毒素水平，ELISA法测定TNF-α，westernblot法检测肠道occludin蛋白量，免疫组化染色明确蛋白定位及分布。结果病理证实高脂饮食诱导NAFLD鼠模成功。在第8周模型组和谷氨酰胺组肝指数、内毒素及TNF-α含量均高于正常组（3．14±0．76，3．07±0．65比2．84±0．55；0．213±0．019，0．194±0．010比0．120±0．014；25．76±3．54，23．65±2．78比7．84±1．55）；模型组和谷氨酰胺组差异无统计学意义（P＞0．05）。第12周时，与正常组比较，模型组和谷氨酰胺组上述指标升高明显（3．75±0．56，3．47±0．73比2．75±0．91；0．279±0．033，0．203±0．012比0．114±0．021；29．73±5．34，28．77±3．61比6．84±1．87，均P＜0．05）；谷氨酰胺治疗后血清内毒素水平的下降与模型组相比，差异有统计学意义（P＜0．05）。NAFLD大鼠存在肠道occludin蛋白量减少，谷氨酰胺具有上调其表
Objective To investigate the effects of glutamine on the expression of intestinal epithelial tight junction protein in NAFLD rat and to confirm its protective effect on the intestinal mucosal barrier. Methods NAFLD rat model was established. 36 SD rats were divided into normal group,model group and glutamine group. Liver index,hepatic pathology, serum endotoxin and TNF-αwere recorded at the 8th and 12th week. Intestinal occludin protein expression was detected by western blot. Its orientation and distribution was detected by immunohistochemistry. Results NAFLD rat model was established successfully by high fatty diet. At 8th week liver index,endotoxin and TNF- αcontent of model group and glutamine group were higher than those in normal group,and no significant differences were observed (3.14±0.76,3.07± 0.65 vs 2.84±0.55;0.213±0.019,0.194±0.010 vs 0.120±0.014;25.76±3.54,23.65±2.78 vs 7.84±1.55);so did glutamine group when compared with model group. At 12th week,inde

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研究添加谷朊粉对面团的湿面筋含量、面筋指数的影响，从而达到提高馒头品质的目的。实验结果表明，谷朊粉添加得越多，其品质特性会有所改善，因此添加谷朊粉的最佳工艺制作条件为：面粉中按照烘焙比添加1%的谷朊粉，使用1%的酵母，制成面团后在38℃的环境下发酵75 min，达到了预期的实验目的。
In this study, by adding wheat gluten, wet gluten content and gluten index are expected to vary widely with the percentages of wheat gluten used. The experiment results indicated that:the percentage of wheat gluten blends increased, scores for sensory properties improved. To achieve the best result of this experiment, the best craft were obtained:temperature is 38℃, adding level of wheat gluten is 1%, adding level of yeast is 1%, holding time is 75 min.

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