针对认知用户在频谱切换过程中无法实时地获取授权用户到达率与服务率的问题，提出了基于隐式马尔可夫模型的参数估计算法。首先利用排队论对授权用户队列进行建模与分析，推导出授权用户队列状态转移概率；其次利用能量感知算法检测授权用户队列真实状态，获得可观测序列值；然后利用隐式马尔可夫模型描述两种随机过程，即授权用户队列状态变化随机过程和可观测序列随机过程；最后利用 forward-backward 算法估计隐式马尔可夫模型，从而获得授权用户到达率与服务率。仿真结果表明，该方法能够实现实时的、较为精确的估计，从而实时地为认知用户选择频谱切换策略提供依据。

To solve the problem that secondary users cannot real-timely obtain arrival rates and service rates of primary users during the handoff period,a parameter estimation algorithm based on the hidden Markov model is proposed.Firstly,primary user queues are modeled and analyzed by the queue theory,and the state transition probability of primary user queues is derived.Real states of primary user queues are detected by the energy sensing algorithm,so that observable sequences are obtained.Then,two kind of stochastic processes are de-scribed by the hidden Markov process,namely,the stochastic process of state transition of primary user queues and the stochastic process of observable sequences.Finally,the hidden Markov process is estimated by the for-ward-backward algorithm,so that the arrival rate and the service rate of primary users are obtained.Simulation results verify that real-time and relatively accurate estimation can be realized,and a foundation for secondary us-ers is provid

本文在分析组织授权、员工心理授权和顾客心理授权的理论基础之上,结合海底捞餐饮股份有限公司的多层次授权运用体系,探讨授权对于海底捞的管理创新价值,提出建立企业授权体系的基本思路,即企业在构架支持授权的企业文化和组织结构的基础上,分析授权对象的特点,根据特点和企业实际确定授权内容,并提供相应的授权支持系统和反馈体系。

Based on the the theories of organization authorized, employee psychological empowerment and customer psychological empowerment, combined with the authorization system of hot-pot chain HaiDiLao, this paper discussed the authorization for the management innovation of the enterprise value,and put forward the basic train of thought to establish enterprise licensing system, which were analyzing the characteristics of authorization object under the enterprise support of corporate culture and organizational structure, providing the corresponding authorization support system and feedback system according to the characteristics and actual enterprise to determine the licensed content.

通过梳理比较,发现法、英、美、德、日五个国家的专业学位的历史演变,专业学位类型名称,学位授权的关键要素如授权的主体、获取方式、覆盖权限、授权审核的形式等方面差异较大。国外专业学位授权可归纳为自然获取、指定、对接、激励、标准导引再授权、试点后评估再授权以及时效约束等七种模式。这些授权模式可以为我国专业学位授权模式的构建提供有益的借鉴。

By reviewing and comparing relevant literature, this paper finds that France, Britain, America, Germany and Japan have following different paths in their histories of granting professional degrees and that big differences exist in the names of the degree and key elements of granting the degree such as the granting authorities, ways to obtain the degree, privileges and authorization. Professional degree granting in these countries can be classified into seven types that are characterized by natural acquisition, designation, transference, stimulation, authorization after criteria enforcement, authorization after pilot programs and time limit. These types of granting professional degrees provide useful references for the establishment of China''s professional degree authorization modes.

在对我国专利授权量现状分析的基础上，根据1985--2011年政府科技投入及专利授权量的数据，运用VEC模型分析政府科技投入对专利授权量的效应。研究表明：政府科技投入是引起我国专利授权量变化的主要原因之一，政府科技投入与专利申请授权量之间存在长期稳定关系，且对专利申请授权量增长具有促进和激励效应，是专利申请授权量变化的重要影响因素。

On the basis of analysis about the present situation of patent authorization quantity in China,according to the data of government’s S&T investment and patent authorization quantity from 1985 to 2011,the effects of government’s S&T on patent authoriza-tion quantity have been analyzed by using VEC model. The results show that government’s S&T investment is one of the main reasons of the change in the patent authorization quantity in China,there is a long-term stable relationship between government’s S&T investment and the patent authorization quantity,government’s S&T investment has promoted and impelled the growth of the patent authorization quantity,and it is an important influencing factor of the change in the patent authorization quantity.

通过文献资料法、专家访谈法、逻辑分析法在阐述我国数字图书馆版权授权模式面临的困境,现有的主要的版权授权模式,分析国外数字图书馆版权授权,在此基础上,提出了我国数字图书馆版权授权模式的启示,旨在解决我国数字图书馆的版权授权问题,推动我国数字图书馆的建设和发展。

On the basis of elaboration in the difficulties of China’s digital library copyright authorization, the main copyright authorization model and the foreign digital library copyright authorization are analyzed through the methods of documentary information, except interview and logic analysis. The new model of China’s digital library copyright authorization is proposed to solve the problem of Chinese digital library copyright authorization and to develop Chinese digital library.