刀切法是统计学家Quenouille提出的一种参数估计方法,由Miller等在1998年首次将刀切法应用在单侧化准备电位（LRP）启始时间点（onset）的测量中。相对于以往单个被试法而言,它是较新的一种统计方法。本文综述了刀切法的统计原理和基本使用过程,并和单个被试法进行了差异比较,最后对这一方法的发展趋势做了展望。

Jacknife is a parameter estimation method proposed by Quenouille, and was applied by Miller in 1998 for the first time in the measurement of the onset of lateralized readiness potential ( LRP) .It''s a new statistical method rel-ative to the previous single subject method.This paper introduced the statistics principles and basic process of jack-knife, compared the differences with single subject procedures, and prospected the development of this method in future.

目的：评价切管法（输精管结扎改良术）的临床效果。方法：采用切管法（小针头固定输精管结扎改良术）对600例年龄在26岁～38岁之间的已婚男性进行绝育手术，并对受术者进行术后1年的随访观察，对受术者的妻子进行了术后2年的孕情跟踪。结果：精子消失率：术后6个月为96．7％，术后12个月为98％；避孕有效率：术后6个月为99．8％，术后12个月为99．7％，术后24个月为99．5％；随访观察的600例受术者术后无局部血肿，无附睾淤积，无痛性结节，受术者的手术结节非常小，日常生活中未有不适感。结论：切管法与直视钳穿法相比，避孕有效率无差别，切管法的并发症更低，切管法更加简单，手术更加微创，结扎对象更易于接受。切管法是一项值得提倡的男性绝育术。

Objective:To evaluate the clinical effect of pipe cutting method ( vasectomy improved technique ) .Methods:600 cases of married men aged 26 to 38 years were ligated with pipe cutting method ( small needle fixed vasectomy improved technique ) , and observed within one year after the operation .The wives pregnancy of subjects had been tracked for two years .Results:Sperm disappearance rate:96.7%in the 6 months after operation, 98%in the 12 months after operation;the contraceptive efficiency:99.8%in the 6 months after operation, 99.7%in the 12 months after operation, 99.5%in the 24 months after operation;there were no local hematoma , no epididy-mal stasis, and no painful nodules in 600 cases after follow -up observation;recipient operation nodules were very small , and not daily life discomfort.Conclusion:Compared to open clamp puncture vasectomy , there was indifference in the contraceptive efficiency , there was lower complication of pipe cutting method , there was more simpl

目的探讨两种商环吻合器（内置法、外置法）环切手术疗效及术后病并发症进行总结分析。方法分析2011年7月至2013年3月500例确诊包皮过长、包茎，与患者沟通，随机选择手术方式，麻醉后行不同方式的包皮环切术。结果商环环切内置法术后并发症如疼痛、延迟愈合、出血、伤口愈合后疼痛等更少。结论对于包皮过长、包茎手术方法的选择，以商环包皮环切术内置法为佳。

Objective Discussion on two kinds of the Chinese Shang Ring stapler (built-in method, external method) circumcision operation efifcacy and postoperative complications were analyzed. Methods (2011 July to 2013 March analysis of 500 patients with redundant prepuce, phimosis) communication with patients, randomly selected mode of operation, after anesthesia of different ways of circumcision. Results Such as pain, delayed healing, bleeding, wound healing after the pain less complications quotient ring cutting built-in spell .Conclusion The redundant prepuce, phimosis operation method choice, to the Shang ring circumcision built-in method is better.

目的针对软骨发育不全(ACH)高危家系的FGFR3基因的突变类型(c.1138GA,p.G380R),建立多种快速特异、行之有效的植入前遗传学诊断(PGD)方法 ,为实施该ACH家系的PGD创造必要的前提条件。方法在确诊该ACH患者特定突变类型的基础上,首先用外周血建立各种PGD方法 ,包括:A.直接测序法;B.ARMS法;C.酶切鉴定法;D.ARMS/RE法。然后对单个卵裂球的全基因组扩增(WGA)产物进行相应方法学的研究。最后,对各种方法进行优化优选。结果 A.直接测序法:正常对照c.1138为G纯合子,而患者为G/A杂合峰;B.ARMS法:正常对照扩增阴性,而患者有445 bp的特异扩增条带。C.酶切鉴定法:正常对照酶切后仍为513 bp,而患者酶切后产生205 bp、308bp、513 bp三条带;D.ARMS/RE法:正常对照扩增阴性,无法做酶切鉴定。而患者有445 bp扩增产物,经SfcI酶切后可产生27 bp和418 bp两个片段。结论本研究已成功建立针对c.1138 GA杂合错义突变的直接测序法、ARMS法、酶切鉴定法和ARMS/RE法。所建立的4种方法快速、特异,但各有利弊,同时使用可相互弥补,结合STR连锁分析可把误诊风险降到最低程度。在正常情况下,可在24 h内完成对ACH高危胚胎的PGD。

Objective To establish quick, specific and effective methods for preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) focusing on the gene mutation (c.1138G > A, p.G380R) of FGFR3 gene which causes the achondroplasia (ACH), as well as to provide a prerequisite for the implementation of PGD of the ACH family. Methods Based on the confirmed diagnosis of the ACH specific gene mutation, four methods of PGD were established by using the peripheral blood, which including, Direct DNA sequencing, ARMS assay, restriction enzyme digestion assay and ARMS/RE assay. Then the methodology-based study on the whole genome amplification (WGA) product of a single blastomere was done for optimization. Results Direct DNA sequencing analysis: The normal control had a G homozygous peak at II38th G base point in cDNA while the patient had a G/A heterozygous peak. ARMS assay: The normal control had no amplification products while the patient had a specific band at 445 bp. Restriction enzyme digestion identificati

Goldstein枝切法作为相位解缠中路径积分法的重要算法之一,其解缠结果易受到噪声或间断相位缺陷所引起的残差点影响。为了研究相位间断缺陷对解缠算法的影响,模拟了具有间断相位缺陷的数据,采用Goldstein枝切法进行了系统的解缠研究。重点研究了残差点对枝切线的搜索窗口半径大小的影响,并将解缠相位与真实相位进行了比较。结果表明,在单相位间断和双不相交的相位间断缺陷的情况下,Goldstein枝切法仍然具有较好的解缠效果;对于双交叉相位间断缺陷,Goldstein枝切法在这一局部区域无法得到正确的解缠结果;通过研究枝切线搜索窗口半径对解缠的影响,验证了存在"有效枝切线搜索窗口半径"的结论。此实验结果对于采用或联合采用Goldstein枝切法进行的相位解缠理论研究和应用具有参考价值。

The Goldstein branch-cut method is a traditional method for phase unwrapping .Its phase unwrapping result is easily affected by phase residues caused by noise and discontinuous phase flaws in practice .To characterize effect of discontinuous phase on unwrapping algorithm , after simulating a data base for discontinuous phase , unwrapping was studied with Goldstein branch-cut phase unwrapping method .The effect of the residual phase on the size of the searching window radius was focused on specifically .The unwrapped phase was compared with the actual phase .The results show that accurate unwrapped phases can be obtained in situations with one and two disjointed discontinuity flaws . Accurate unwrapping phase results cannot be obtained in situations with two crossing phase discontinuous flaws .Good results can not be obtained for two crossing phase discontinuous flaws .Different discontinuous phase flaws have different effective branch cut searching window radius .There is an effective