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双语推荐：威廉

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威廉·卡洛斯·威廉斯主张“思在物中”，糅合现代绘画艺术；拒绝说教，坚持以日常事物入诗并将其陌生化，以唤醒人们重新认识生活、感知艺术。“陌生化”是用文学技巧将熟悉的文学事实变陌生，唤醒读者去感受生活的生动性和丰富性，这与威廉斯的诗歌理念不谋而合。威廉斯在《红色手推车》中，通过诗歌语言、结构，视听感官和意象上的“陌生化”手法，凸显了诗歌的艺术魅力，让读者真正听到、看到并感受到日常生活的美好。
As a representative of the modern imagists and the founder of the Objectivism, William Carlos Williams insisted on“no ideas but in things”, combined modern painting art, rejected didactic elements, and chose to infuse daily objects into his poems and defamiliarize them to arouse readers’ acknowledgment of life and perception for art.“Defamiliarization” is a concept in Russian Formalism;it is used to make what is familiar unfamiliar in literature by combining various literature skills, to arouse read-ers’ perception of the vividness and liveliness of daily life, which coincides with the poetic theory of Williams.In his masterpiece, The Red Wheelbarrow, Williams highlighted the artistic charm of the poem and made readers hear, see and feel the loveliness of the daily life through“defamiliarization” in language and structure, audio-visual senses, and images.

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田纳西·威廉斯（Tennessee Williams）是二战后美国最为杰出的南方剧作家,对美国戏剧乃至世界剧坛产生了深远影响。从20世纪90年代后期开始国内对威廉斯的研究持续升温。笔者查阅和搜集了相关文献和资料,从创作情况、译介情况和研究现状来梳理威廉斯在国内研究情况。
Tennessee Williams was the most outstanding Southern dramatist in America after the Second World War,who had a strong influence on American drama and world''s drama. From the beginning of late nineties in the twentieth Century, the domestic research on Tennessee Williams has been increasing. The author studies domestic researches of Williams by reading relevant documents and literature on creation,translation and research status.

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本文探讨雷蒙？威廉斯从事成人教育和大众启蒙的实践，研究威廉斯对英国成人教育理论与实践的贡献，回顾英国成人教育的创获与发展，为时下我国成人教育走出传统的藩篱，创新我国成人教育的理论与实践提供有益的借鉴。
This paper discusses the involvement of Raymond Williams in British adult education and his ideas on the enlightenment of the masses. It presents a study of Williams’ contribution to the theory and practice of adult education, and further looks at the progress and achievement of adult education in the country. This may bring beneficial lessons to the formu-lation of theory and practice of adult education by the practitioners in China.

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该文从结构主义的角度来解读田纳西。威廉姆斯的著作《欲望号街车》，通过分析文本中重要的几组二元对立项不难发现威廉姆斯笔下所展现的不仅仅是女主角布兰奇的悲剧，亦是美国工业浪潮中南方的悲剧，父权社会中女性的悲剧。
The present paper employs structuralism, the theory of binary opposition in particular, to interpret Tennessee Wil-liams’A Streetcar Named Desire. By exposing different oppositional structures within the text, the play is interpreted as a tragedy of the romantic South, the fragile woman and more specific, of the ambivalent Blanche DuBois.

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威廉斯饱经磨难的生活经历和被主流社会排斥的同性恋这种边缘人处境使他一直处于压抑、痛苦的精神折磨中,因而其性格呈现出享乐与自制并存的两级分裂。在《欲望号街车》中,威廉斯在各个层面展现出矛盾纠结的冲突,特别是在塑造人物性格特征以及对待该剧欲望主题的态度上尤为突出。通过描绘布兰奇的优雅与虚伪,斯坦利的暴力与温柔,威廉斯把他自己对待欲望的矛盾心态表露无遗,意图让自己长期压抑的潜意识得到释放和补偿。
Due to turbulent life experience and his marginal social status as a gay excluded by mainstream society, Williams has been under great depression and suffering, thus his personality splits with two different characteristics hedonism and self-control coexisting. In A Streetcar Named Desire, Williams aims to present the conflicts of contradicts from different aspects, especially when building the hero and heroine''s character and coping with its main theme:desire. By depicting Blanche''s elegance and hypocrisy, Stanley''s violence and gentleness, Williams lays bare his contradictory attitude towards desire, hoping to release and compensate his long repressed subconsciousness.

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威廉二世有建立海军强国的强烈欲望，他在确立了个人统治之后，重组海军部，极力协调“保守派”和“激进派”的海军建设路线之争，加强对海军的宣传，控制舆论导向，争取国会对海军扩张计划的支持。威廉二世的这些举措和努力，为德国海军战略思想转变与海军建设廓清了道路，使德国海军终于进入了大发展时代。
Wilhelm II had a strong desire to build a naval power,and after he established his per-sonal rule,he reorganized the Navy Department,reconciled the dispute over the naval construc-tion route between the “conservative”and the “radical”,strengthened the Navy’s propaganda and public opinion,and won congressional support for the Navy’s expansion plans.These initia-tives and efforts by Wilhelm II helped to outline the route map for the change to the strategies of the German Navy and the Naval construction,so that the German navy finally entered the era of great development.

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历年来学者们对《欲望号街车》的解读多集中在社会变迁对人物的影响或女性主义的视角上，然而运用《欲望号街车》中诸如家庭暴力、同性恋、乱伦等敏感话题，田纳西·威廉斯却意图展现对于善与恶全新的界定。威廉斯提出人在特定时间的选择往往决定了其人生的轨迹，而这些选择却不单单取决于人物的主观意志，而是更多地受制于社会文化，甚至人物的教育背景种种因素，因而善与恶的界限本就是模糊的，没有人能独占正义或者邪恶。基于此观点，威廉斯的创作意图有了更深层的阐释，同时《欲望号街车》中人物个性及行为也得以更深刻的理解。
Over the years the studies on A Streetcar Named Desire have focused either on the influences of social changes on characters or from feminist perspective, however, Tennessee Williams aimed to present a new definition of good and evil by adopting sensitive subjects like family violence, homosexuality and incest in A Streetcar Named Desire. In his eyes, choices made in a certain time usually decide one''s life, while these choices are more under the influence of social, cultural and educational factors than one''s subjective will. Therefore, the distinction between good and evil is always blurred. No one can be good or evil all the time. Based on this view, William''s true creative intention can be better interpreted and a profounder understanding is given to characters in A Streetcar Named Desire.

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伯纳德·威廉斯强调哲学必须直面人类生活的复杂性和困难性,他批判以往哲学回避现实,特别是功利主义和康德主义,以恶劣的方式将生活简单化,忽视了个人情感、规划和运气对伦理生活的影响。他通过对功利主义后果论结构的分析,指出其中所包含的消极责任特征,批判功利主义忽视了个人分离性的重要性以及对个人完整性的破坏。威廉斯强调个人是情感需要、功利偏好和理性能力的综合体,主张应该从人的主体自身出发去思考道德问题,认为重要问题是人如何过有意义的生活,而不是我应该遵守什么样的规则。威廉斯的批判是强有力的,对功利主义的发展具有重要启发。
Bernard Williams emphasizes that philosophy must face the complexity and difficulty of human life. He criticizes the previous philosophy shields away from reality, especially utilitarianism and Kantian ethics, they simplify life by despicable ways and ignore the impact of personal feelings, individual project and luck on ethical life. By analyzing the consequential structure of utilitarianism, he points out that it involves negative responsibility, and he also criticizes utilitarianism that overlooks the importance of separateness of persons. Williams emphasizes that individual is the complex of emotional needs, utility preference and rational ability, hence he claims that we should consider moral problems from person’s subject itself, and the important issue is how people live a meaningful life, rather than what kind of rules should be followed. Bernard Williams’s criticism is powerful and has great inspiration to the development of utilitarianism.

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"情感结构"是雷蒙德·威廉斯文化唯物主义理论的核心概念。通过梳理"情感结构"在威廉斯不同时期著作中的不同内涵,把关于此概念的理论建构过程看作一个整体,可以更好地理解其作为连接文学理论和文化研究桥梁的重要作用。对这一概念的梳理和研究不仅能够回应学界的质疑,促进"情感结构"理论的发展完善,还能为文化研究提供一种切实有效的分析视角。
“Structure of feeling” is a keyword of the Britain Marxist theorist Raymond Williams ’ theory.It came from the analy-zing the form of literature and Arts, and finally aimed at the social-history context and emergent culture.Only by looking back the process of its formation and different points in different books in a twenty -year history, can we understand its implications and signifi-cations as an important connection between the text and social history .

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道德评价在人类生活中具有重要作用，但道德理性主义的盛行往往使得道德评价的复杂性没有得到充分重视。伯纳德·威廉斯提出的内在理由概念可以恰当地被理解为特别针对道德评价，对道德理性主义提出了一个重要挑战。面对对威廉斯的内在理由概念的某些重要批评，需要澄清和捍卫这个概念，在此基础上揭示它对于我们理解伦理生活的本质的一些含义。
It goes without saying that moral appraisal plays an important role in human life.However, with the prevalence of moral rationalism, the complexity of moral appraisal has not yet been fully appreciated as it should be.The notion of internal reasons advanced by Bernard Williams can be properly construed as putting forward a serious challenge to moral rationalism es-pecially by focusing on the issue of moral evaluation.This paper aims to clarify and defend Williams''notion of internal reasons against some leading critiques of it, and thereby uncovers some of its implications for our understanding of the very nature of ethical life.

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