蒙古豳王出伯一族系察合台后裔，1277至1282年间脱离察合台汗国而投归元廷忽必烈麾下，被委以重任，长期驻守河西走廊西端的肃、瓜、沙及西域东部的哈密地区，始终处于抵御窝阔台汗海都、察合台汗都哇等西北诸王叛乱的第一线。透过黑水城元代汉文文书，如《大德四年军粮文卷》、仁宗朝文献（编号F116：W561）、TK204文书、TK248文书等，可见作为元代之军事集结地与物资供给地的亦集乃路以其特殊的地理位置，成为了元朝西北边防线上的重要军事堡垒，而活跃于西陲重地的豳王出伯家族一直与其保持着密切的联系，互相引以为援，从而进一步巩固了西北边防。

the clan of Chu Bo, Mongolian Lord Bin, was the offspring of Chagatai Khanate. They broke away from Chagatai Khanate and submitted to Kublai Khan from 1277 to 1282. They were entrusted with the important task to garrisoning the Suzhou, Guazhou, and Hami regions at the west end of the Hexi Corridor, the front line of defending against rebellions of the other lords such as Ogadai Khan and Chagatai Khan. The Yuan dynasty Chinese documents from Khara-Khoto, including F116:W561, TK204, and TK248, suggest that Ejina Prefecture, which enjoyed a special geographical position and served as the place for military buildup and material supply, became an important fortress on the northwestern defense line, and kept a close relation with the clan of Lord Bin, who were active in that region. They worked together to enhance the stability of the northwestern border.

目的 通过案例分析,探索医疗纠纷产生的规律性因素,为医疗机构管理提供客观依据.方法 选取北京地区再次医疗事故鉴定顺序案例200宗,依据患方陈述材料及鉴定书中专家意见,对纠纷原因、争议焦点及专家分析意见进行归类.结果 患方对治疗效果不满意是医患纠纷的主要诱因,占总数的50.5％.而诱因是对治疗经过不满意的案例中,构成医疗事故的比率最高,达48.15％.手术操作、治疗处理、告知沟通以及医疗文书方面的过失或缺陷较为集中.结论 医疗纠纷发生的原因繁多,医疗事故的根源也是多方面的.医疗机构应加强医疗质量管理,进行充分而有效的医患沟通,对关键医疗行为有高质量记录等,可以减少医疗纠纷及医疗事故的发生.

Objective To identify regular roots for medical disputes by case studies for providing evidences for hospital management..Methods 200 cases of medical malpractice were selected consecutively and categorized according to the causes,dispute focus and expert opinions.Results The main factor to trigger medical disputes is dissatisfaction of the outcome,accounting for 50.5％.48.15％ of the disputes,however,result from dissatisfaction of the therapy process which constitutes a medical malpractice.Neglect or defects in treatment,surgical operation,information notice and medical papers were highly common causes.Conclusion Medical disputes result from a variety of causes,so are the roots of medical malpractice.Medical institutions are recommended to enhance medical quality management,make sufficient doctor-patient communication,and make high quality documentation of key medical activities,in an effort to minimize medical disputes and medical malpractice.