为补救初级规则,哈特的"法律规则"理论引入作为次级规则的承认规则和裁判规则。两大规则的核心基础均为官员,尤其是法官接受的"内在观点",这决定了两大规则间必然存在密切联系。在法律空缺与不确定条件下,承认规则对裁判规则的内在鉴别,裁判规则对承认规则的不确定性规制。

Hart adds secondary Rule of recognition and Legal rule to remedy primary rule. Their basis is internal point by official, especially judge,causing the contact. On legal vacancy and uncertainty, identification by Rule of recognition and regulation in Legal rule.

在信息及数据爆炸的时代,冗余问题已经成为数据挖掘者获得知识的重大障碍,而目前解决的方法会导致关联规则的不完整性。基于此,文中引入了有向超图表示关联规则,重定义了邻接矩阵,介绍了冗余规则分类处理思想,将冗余规则分为从属规则和重复路径规则,通过VB编程去除了从属规则冗余,以及利用生成树算法去除了重复路径规则冗余。实验结果证明,此方法创新性地结合了图论中有向超图、生成树与关联规则的知识,维护了关联规则的完整性和准确性,同时去除了全部冗余规则。

In the information and data explosion era,redundant rules problem has become a major obstacle to gain knowledge for data miners,but the current solution may lead to the incompleteness of association rules. For the issues above,introduce the directed hyperg-raph to express association rules,redefine the adjacency matrix,propose the categorical thinking for removing redundant rules,dividing re-dundant rules into slave rules and repeated-path-rules,the algorithm of removing the dependency rule by VB programming and the span-ning tree algorithm to remove the redundancy of repeated-path-rules. The result of experiments show that this method is effective,fast and to maintain the integrity and accuracy of association rules which links directed hypergraph,spanning tree of graph theory and associa-tion rules innovatively. At the same time it removes all redundant rules.

在对《海牙规则》《海牙-维斯比规则》《汉堡规则》《鹿特丹规则》作简要比较的基础上,概括论述《鹿特丹规则》的五个特点:扩展了公约适用范围;规范了电子运输记录;明确了承运人交付货物的义务;处理了不可转让运输单证的货物交付问题;完善了诉讼时效相关规定。呼吁中国目前不要加入《鹿特丹规则》,主张吸取《鹿特丹规则》中切合实际的规定,对《海牙-维斯比规则》进行修改。

Based on the comparison of Hague Rules,Hague-Visby Rules,Hamburg Rules and Rotterdam Rules, this paper summarizes five characteristics of Rotterdam Rules： the expansion of convention application scope; the normalization of electronic transport records; the definition of the obligation to carrier to deliver the goods;the solution to the delivery of goods under non-negotiable transport document; the improvement of limitation of prosecutions, then appeals to the state for not joining Rotterdam Rules for the time being,recommends that it is better to absorb the practicable regulations of Rotterdam Rules into Hague-Visby Rules.

针对模糊属性事务数据库提取模糊关联规则的问题,采用模糊概念格与模糊关联规则相结合的方法,实现格节点与属性项集的对应关系,提出模糊关联规则格理论,在渐进式建格算法基础上对格节点相应修改,给出了适用于动态数据库的模糊关联规则格的构建思想.利用模糊关联规则格挖掘关联规则,与采用Apriori算法计算频繁项目集获取规则相比较,容易获得用户感兴趣的关联规则,同时减少冗余规则的生成,使挖掘算法得到优化.

In order to extract the fuzzy association rules from the fuzzy attribute transaction databases, using the method of combining fuzzy concept lattice and fuzzy association rules, this paper realized the corresponding relation between grid nodes and attribute itemsets, defined the concept of fuzzy association rules lattice, and gave its gradual building construction thought suitable for dynamic database through modifying the nodes. Compared with using Apriori algorithm, it is easy to obtain the association rules in which users are interested. At the same time it reduces redundant rules of the formation, and improves the efficiency of the mining.

本文在分析了业务规则管理重要性的基础上，在信贷管理系统中利用业务规则管理软件ILog JRules进行规则开发，并就业务规则开发在信贷管理系统中的权限分层、规则复用、机构分级展示等关键技术进行了研究，业务规则管理软件的引入极大的缩短了开发周期，提高了业务响应速度。

This paper analyzes the importance of business rules management, based on the credit management system using business rules management software ILog JRules for rule development, and to develop business rules in the credit management system permissions stratiifcation, rules reuse, demonstrate key technologies such as hierarchical organization were studied, the introduction of business rules management software greatly shorten the development cycle, improve business responsiveness.