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双语推荐：音节

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目的通过评估健听儿童的言语识别能力，修订听障儿童单音节词、双音节词和短句识别能力的评估标准。方法采用听觉语言识别能力评估词表分别对300名健听儿童进行单音节词、双音节词和短句识别能力评估，采用描述性统计方法对单音节词、双音节词和短句识别能力评估标准进行修订。结果单音节词、双音节词和短句识别率随年龄的增长而提高。2岁1个月～2岁12个月健听儿童的单音节词、双音节词和短句识别率都低于90％，3岁以上健听儿童的单音节词、双音节词和短句识别率均≥90％。结论①制定了2岁听障儿童单音节词、双音节词和短句识别能力评估标准。②对于3岁及以上各年龄段听障儿童可以用实际测试得分代表单音节词、双音节词和短句识别能力。
Objective To assess the speech recognition abilities of normal-hearing children and to revise the standards for the assessment of speech recognition abilities of hearing-impaired children.Methods The auditory and speech recognition assessment wordlists were used to assess the monosyllable, disyllable and short sentence recognition abilities of 300 normal-hearing children of 2~6 years old. The standards for the assessment of monosyllable, disyllable and short sentence recognition abilities were revised with descriptive statistical methods.Results The monosyllable, disyllable and short sentence recognition rates increased with age. The monosyllable, disyllable and short sentence recognition rates of 2 and 2.5-year-old normal-hearing children were lower than 90%, while those of 3-year-old normal-hearing children were higher than 90%.Conclusion (1) The standards are developed for the assessment of monosyllable, disyllable and short sentence recognition abilities of 2-year-old hea

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构成藏文音节的字母具有一定的顺序,ISO/IEC 10646(Tibetan)中每个藏文字符规定了排序码,但是藏文音节的构造复杂性使得藏文不能直接按构成藏文音节的字母顺序来排序,也不能直接应用这些排序码,提出了基于ISO/IEC 10646(Tibetan)的藏文排序算法,主要思想是:从文本中读入藏文音节,并把它转化为一维的字母串;识别基字及调整构成藏文音节的字母(构件)顺序,并且在缺构件位置上添加相应的空格符;用快速排序法对藏文音节串进行排序;构成藏文音节的字母(构件)顺序调回到原来的顺序,去除空格符,并输出.
The component letters of Tibetan syllables have certain ordering, each Tibetan character has stipulated the sorting code in the ISO/IEC 10646(Tibetan), but the structural complexity of Tibetan syllables cause that Tibetan cannot be sorted according to the order of letters which form Tibetan syllables and cannot use their sorting codes directly, this paper proposes the Tibetan-sort algorithm based on the ISO/IEC 10646(Tibetan), the main idea is: it reads in Tibetan syllables from the text, and transforms them into the one-dimensional letters string; it recognizes the base characters and adjusts the order of letters which form Tibetan syllables and add corresponding blank characters in the positions of lacking letters which form Tibetan syllables;it sorts Tibetan syllable string with the quick-sort method;it adjusts the ordering of component letters of Tibetan syllables back to the original ordering, removes the blank characters, and outputs as well.

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好的发音有利于提高语言交际的效率。音节是语言的最小自然发音单位，是重音、节奏和语调的基础。通过实践研究，我们发现，单纯音素的正确发音并不意味着能发好英语音节。本文主要讨论中国学生在学习英语时所犯的音节发音错误，通过英汉音节结构对比，基于语言迁移的相关理论，分析了中国学生音节发音错误的原因，并提出了消除负迁移的有效策略。
A good pronunciation is conducive to the efficiency of communication. Syllables are the smallest units in natural speech. English syllables are the basis for practicing other aspects of pronunciation:stress, rhythm, intonation and effective communication. Through practical study, we find that correct acquisition of individual sounds doesn''t mean to have correct pronunciation of English syllables. This paper mainly discusses the errors often made by Chinese learners in learning English syllable pronunciation,analyses the reasons based on the theories of language transfer and puts forward some suggestions on effective strategies.

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诺苏彝语(彝语北部方言)中有一种语音、构词和语义都有别于一般双音节动词、名词和形容词的双音节长音合成动词、名词和形容词;而以往的诺苏彝语研究根本没有重视对这些双音节长音合成词的研究,本论文深入研究双音节长音合成动词、名词、形容词的语音、构词及其语义。
Yi in the northern dialect has a voice, word formation and semantics are different from general double syllable verbs, nouns and adjectives of double syllable long sound synthesis of verbs, nouns and adjectives;Past of Su Yi language study didn''t pay attention to the study of the double syllable words long notes, this thesis further study of double syllable long sound synthesis of verbs, nouns, adjectives pronunciation, word formation and semantics.

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目的分析不同的给声方法（口声给声／录音给声）对人工耳蜗（CochlearImplant，CI）植入儿童开放式词汇识别能力的影响，为CI儿童词汇识别能力评估给声方法的选取提供借鉴。方法分别采用口声给声和录音给声方式对39名能够进行开放式词汇识别测试的语前聋CI儿童进行评估。采用标准版汉语普通话儿童词汇相邻性测试（LexicalNeighborh00dTest，LNT）词表为评价素材，分别获得不同给声方法下的正确识别率。结果①口声给声组受试儿童双音节易词、双音节难词、单音节易词及单音节难词平均正确识别率依次为78．67％、65．18％、68．32％$n58．41％。分析显示双音节词正确识别率显著高于单音节词（P〈0．001），易词正确识别率显著高于难词（P〈0．001），②录音给声组受试儿童双音节易词、双音节难词、单音节易词及单音节难词平均正确识别率依次为64．67％、50．81％、58．32％和45．14％。研究显示双音节词正确识别率高于单音节词（P〈0．001），易词正确识别率高于难词（P〈0．001）。③口声给声组的双音节易词、双音节难词、单音节易词和单音节难词得分均显著高于录音给声组（P〈0．001），且口声给声组的个体差异高于录音给声组。结论录音给声时测试结果具备较好的一致性。在言语识别能力纵向跟踪和多中心研究中，录音给声为首选的给声方法。
Objective To investigate the effects of the mode of stimulus (e.g. live voice or recorded voice) on the speech recognition of children with cochlear implants (CI). Methods Thirty-nine subjects were divided into live voice stimulus group and recorded voice stimulus group randomly. The Standard Chinese version of the Lexical Neighborhood Test(LNT)was used in the evaluation. The subjects were instructed to repeat the sound they heard, and the performance was scored as the percentages of the words correctly identified. Results (1) For the live voice group, the correct recognition rates of disyllabic easy, disyllabic hard, monosyllabic easy and monosyllabic hard words were 78.67%, 65.18%, 68.32% and 58.41%, respectively.The statistical analysis showed that the score of disyllabic word recognition was significantly higher than that of monosyllabic word recognition(P<0.001), and the score of easy word recognition was significantly higher than that of hard word recognition(P<0.001). (2) For th

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上上联读汉语双音节的音变读音是墨西哥汉语习得者习得汉语语音的一个难点,为找出墨西哥汉语习得者上上联读双音节变调的偏误规律,对比分析男女两名汉族人与四名墨西哥汉语习得者的19组上上联读汉语双音节的发音声学数据,发现墨西哥汉语习得者上上联读汉语双音节的音变读音前一音节的正确率共占上上联读总音节数的68.42%,后一音节的错误率占总音节数的11.84%,偏误率88.16%,根据后一音节的偏误类型上的比例,列出了如下偏误类型降级序列：调域偏误（起点、拐点、终点偏低〉起点、拐点、终点偏高）〉调型偏误（拐点偏高〉终点略低）。
It is a difficulty for Mexico Chinese learners to speak phonetic Third tonesˊChinese double syllables. U-sing pronunciation of 19 groups Third tonesˊChinese double syllables acoustic data to compare two Chinese and four Mexico Chinese learners,It was found that the Mexico Chinese learners right pronunciation of the first syllable of Third tonesˊChinese double syllable is 68. 42% of total first syllables. Error rate of the second syllable of Third tonesˊChinese double syllable is 11. 84% of total second syllables. Biased error rate is 88. 16% of total second syllables. according to the ratio of a syllable error types,lists the following types of biased errors degrade sequence:Tonesˊdomain biased errors ( starting point and inflection point and end point are lower than normal > starting point and inflection point and end point are higher than normal)> Tonesˊtype biased errors( inflection point is higher than normal > end point lower than normal).

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缩略语是人们对已有语言的再创造、再加工,因此它应该符合人们的语言习惯和自然的节律属性。汉语中,双音节是韵律模型中的最佳单位,因此,人们在构造缩略语时,不管原式有几个音步,总是倾向于构造双音节音步,即使需要舍弃一些信息。单音节和三音节的出现条件是有限制的:单音节缩略语必须"组双"后才能出现,三音节缩略语则是在双音节不能满足表意要求下才出现,且有双音化的趋势;四音节构成复合韵律词,但不符合经济性原则,因此用例也较少。五音节以上为超复合韵律词,与四音节类似,也有悖经济性原则,用例较少。
Abbreviation is used to recreate the existing language, so it should meet the codes of language and natural rhythm property.In Chinese, disyllable is the best unit in the prosody model.So when people create abbreviation, they prefer dimeter regardless of the number of foot, even with some information missed.The creation of monosyllable and trisyllable is limited.The monosyllable can only appear after “doubled” while trisyllable can only appear when the disyllabic words cannot meet ideographic requirements, and trisyllabic words have tendency of bisyllablization.Quadrisyllable can form a composite prosodic word, but it does not meet economy principle, so quadrisyllable is rare.Ab-breviations with more than five syllables are called super-composite prosodic words, which are as rare as quadrisyllables.

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以《型世言》、《儿女英雄传》为例,通过对"怎"字系列疑问句的对比研究,发现:口语对疑问句及疑问词的影响比较大,带有文言色彩的疑问词逐渐为社会所淘汰;而从音节上看,单音节、三音节的疑问词部分地为音节疑问词所取代;从疑问语气来看,清代疑问句的语气词变得丰富多彩,疑问句的句式也形式多样。
Through the comparative studies of the“Zen”question sentence in Panorama of Life and The Stories of Heroic Youth,it is found that spoken Chinese largely affects question sentences and interrogatives.The classical interrogative is gradually eliminated by the society.From the aspect of syllables,interrogative of monosyllabic and three syllables are partially replaced by bi-syllable words.As for the tone,the interrogative mood in the Qing Dy-nasty has been enriched and the interrogative sentence pattern is increasingly diverse.

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河北方言中儿化增音现象主要分布在晋语区和冀鲁官话区的32个县市，它有两种类型：复辅音声母型和类似双音节型。从增音涉及到的音节来看，复辅音声母型增音涉及到的一般是开口呼、合口呼韵母音节，而类似双音节型增音一般是限于齐齿呼和撮口呼韵母音节。所增加的音也有两类：闪音或边音。其中增加闪音的，音值上又有舌尖前闪音[r]和舌尖后闪音【t】的区别。
The phenomenon of adding sound in er-hua exists in 32 cunties in Hebei dialect. There are two types: double consant’s type and similar two-syllable’s type, which each type is distributed in different syllable and the pronuciation of adding sound is different.

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赵庄白语属白语南部方言大理土语。在语流中，有些音节由于受到前后其他音节的影响而产生合音音变。赵庄白语的合音音变有合音变调、合音变韵两种形式。当表示语法意义的虚词位于动词、量词等意义更为实在的词类后面时，发生合音变调；当后一音节比前一音节意义更实在时，常发生合音变韵。
Bai language of Zhao Zhuang Language is a southern dialect of Bai. Due to the influence of the syllables before and after, sound-mixing mutations often appears. There are two sound-mixing mutations in Bai language of Zhao Zhuang:tone mutations and final sound mutations. The tone changes when a empty word that expresses grammatical meanings is put before a notional word like verb and qualifier. The final sound changes in the opposite situation.

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