减少二氧化碳等温室气体的排放是低碳经济的特征表现,低碳经济的本质在于改善人类生存的自然生态环境,以实现人安全地生存和发展。人既是一种自然存在物,有其自然存在对象,又是一种社会存在物,有其社会存在对象。低碳经济的实践一方面通过改变人的自然存在对象从而变革作为自然存在物的人,另一方面又通过改变人的社会存在对象从而也变革着作为社会存在物的人。在这种实践过程中,低碳经济和人的存在逐渐实现着它们的本质统一性。

Reducing the emission of carbon dioxide is just a characteristic manifest of low-carbon economy,the essence of low-carbon economy is improving the natural environment for human beings to achieve their development safely.Humans are not only a natural existence for their natural targets but also a social existence for their social targets.The practice of low-carbon economy is changing human’s natural targets and social targets for existence,in the same time it is also changing human being itself.In the practice of low-carbon economy,the unification of the essence of low-carbon economy and the essence of human is being fulfilled.

人的全面发展是马克思主义的主导价值取向,是人自由解放的最高境界,也是社会主义新社会的本质要求。人的全面发展思想具有时代内涵,与社会的全面发展是统一的,社会存在决定社会意识,社会意识的滞后性,成为人的全面发展的瓶颈,提升人的素质是实现人的全面发展的关键。

The all-round development of human beings is the dominant value orientation of the Marx doctrine, is the highest realm of freedom and liberation of human, and is the nature of new socialism. The idea of human’s all-round development is the connotation of the time, and is unified with the all-round development of society. Social existence determines social consciousness, the hysteresis of social consciousness become the bottleneck of all-round development. Improving people’s quality is the key to realize man’s comprehensive development.

基于古今中外先哲和学者们关于精神生活的理解，以“存在方式”、“实践活动”、“价值体认”来表述精神生活的内涵，指出“精神生活”作为人之为人的一种特定“存在方式”，在精神层面表征和确证人的存在，是一个属人的世界；作为面向人的精神世界的一种“实践活动”，是一定社会历史条件下现实的个人的精神指向，其主体是一定社会历史条件下的现实的个人，其发展离不开一定的社会历史条件；作为一种对意义世界的“价值体认”，是以精神需要为前提、以精神境界为指向的意义世界的嵌入。

Based on the understanding of the spiritual life of sages and learners all over the world,the paper clarifies the connotation of spiritual life from “state of existence”,“practical action”and “value experience and recognize”.The author points out that “spiritual life”is a kind of specific existence which only belongs to the human world and representation and proof of man''s existence.As a “practi-cal action”which is facing to people''s spiritual world,spiritual life is a realistic and personal guide un-der a specific social and historical background,the subject of spiritual life is the real individual under a specific social and historical background,and the development of spiritual life is also based on it.As a kind of “value experience and recognize”to meaning world,it is an insert to the meaning world which is based on the need of spirit and guided by spiritual state.

隔代教养在美国是一种广泛存在的社会现象。我国近年来隔代教养现象也有快速发展的趋势。美国针对隔代教养老年人的实践对我国具有借鉴意义。重点介绍了美国隔代教养老年人的一些基本情况和政府、社会以及专家学者应对隔代教养的干预实践。

Skipped-generation Raising has become a widespread social phenomenon in the USA. The rapid development of skipped-generation raising also occurs in China. The practice concerning this ifeld in the United States has important signiifcance to our country. The article focuses on introducing some of situations about skipped-generation raising in the USA, including the roles f rom the government, society, and expert.

制度、家庭和经济是影响两性平等并使性别不平等持续存在的重要因素。由于社会分工和社会观念影响,女性在社会生产和家庭生活中的地位低于男性,导致了两性间的收入不平等,女性特别是农村女性晚年生活更易陷入贫困。在新城镇建设中,大城市郊区的就地城市化对传统农村家庭养老方式带来了重大冲击,社会保障成为这些地区农村老年人的主要收入来源。但调查显示,两性间的收入水平差异仍然存在,经济独立性差仍是女性农村老年人的主要社会经济特征,并且贫困女性老年人的保障状况依然令人担忧。在就地城市化进程中,必须加强养老政策体系的性别公平设计,提高社会保障制度对女性农村老年人收入的支持度,才能推进两性获得同等的养老权益。

Institution,Family and economic are the three key factors that have great impact on the gender inequality. Because of social divisions and social consciousness, women played a weak role both in the social production and daily life. Hence, it works on the gender inequality on the income. Present researches conclude that the income of female elderly is less than the male.The paper analysis the income gender inequality between the urbanized rural elderly and the traditional rural elderly on the basis of Tianjin rural elderly survey. The data shows that the income of female elderly in urbanized rural has been largely increased while gender inequality on the income still exists. Moreover, gender has great influence on the income of elderly in urbanized rural, and female elderly’s financial independence is weaker than the male’s. Hence, the urbanization system arrangement should consider the perspective of social gender to achieving equality on social endowment support.