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双语推荐：农村老年人

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对重庆市渝北区三社区老年人医疗保障状况的实证调查，反映出农村老年人的医疗保障制度存在着保障程度较低，保障范围较窄，农村老年人看病难﹑看病贵的问题。并且部分社区基层卫生服务机构缺失，进一步加大了农村老年人看病就医与医疗资源稀缺的矛盾。交通不便也在一定程度上增大了农村老年人就医的成本。为此，应该从以下几方面完善农村老年人医疗保障：一是设立农村老年人定期免费或部分资助的体检制度；二是为农村家庭养老提供社会支持；三是加强农村基本公共卫生服务建设；四是加大农村地区公共医疗卫生服务力度，定期送医下乡；五是完善农村医疗保险制度，逐步提高农村居民门诊医药费的年度报销比例，加强基层医疗卫生服务，并设立针对农村老年人特种疾病的专项救助基金。
Survey of elderly health care in three communities in Yubei district in Chongqing shows that several problems exist in rural elderly health care system, such as a lower level of protection, a smaller scope of protection, difficulties in access to health care in rural areas for the elderly, and expensive health care costs etc. Scarcity of local health care services in some communities worsens the conflict between the health care need of the rural elderly and shortage of health care services. Poor traffic also increases costs for the rural elderly to go to hospitals. Accordingly, the following suggestions have been put forward: Firstly, establishing periodical free or partially subsidized medical examination for rural elderly;Secondly, providing social support for family support of rural elderly;Thirdly, perfecting basic health care facilities in rural areas;Fourthly, promoting health care service in rural places and sending medical staff there periodically;Fifthly, improving m

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了解不同家庭结构农村老年人的生活质量状况及影响因素。方法:采用方便抽样法选取福州市5个村的187名农村老年人作为调查对象,采用生活质量综合评定量表进行调查,比较不同家庭结构老年人生活质量的差异性。结果 :农村老年人生活质量主要受是否空巢和健康状况的影响;农村空巢老年人在躯体功能、心理功能及物质功能维度的得分及生活质量总分低于非空巢老年人(P0.05);4种不同家庭结构的老年人在社会功能、躯体功能、物质功能维度的得分及生活质量总分存在差异(P0.05);与子女间不同居住关系的老年人生活质量没有统计学差异(P0.05)。结论:农村空巢老年人的生活质量水平低于非空巢老年人;无配偶老年人的生活质量状况较差,应引起社会的关注。
Objective:To investigate the quality of life and its inlfuencing factors among elderly in rural area in Fuzhou. Methods:A total of 187 elderly were recruited from 5 villages in Fuzhou by convenience sampling method, and were investigated with the Quality of Life Rating Scale. We compared the quality of life of elderly with different family structures. Results:The quality of life of elderly in rural area was affected by empty-nest status and health condition. The scores of physical function, psychological function, material function and overall function among empty-nest elderly were lower than those among non empty-nest elderly (P 0.05). Conclusions:The quality of life of empty-nest elderly is lower than non empty-nest elderly. Mateless elderly have low quality of life. We should pay more attention to these groups of elderly in rural community.

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依据全国8省共11村的实地调查结果,农村老年人社会治理的关键问题是如何应对和管控老年人所遭遇的各种风险问题,主要包括养老风险、健康风险、地位风险和丧偶风险。老年人既可能面临这些风险问题中的某一类,也可能面临多重风险的叠加。农村社会治理工作介入不够、农村老年人应对各种风险的能力不足,会造成严重后果,如疾病加重、生活质量下降、价值意义缺失、心灵寂寞孤闷等系列问题,甚至会引起老年人自杀率的大幅度上升。创新农村老年人社会治理的机制,其要义在于构建化解农村老年人所面临的各种风险问题的综合机制,具体应从养老、医疗、组织等方面入手。
Based on the survey of 11 villages in 8 provinces in rural China, this paper argues that the core issue of rural elderly’s social management is to answer and control various risks the elderly suffer, including the risk of old-age support, health risk, status risk and the risk of bereft of one’s spouse. The elderly may face one kind of these risks or multiple risks. The paper ifnds that the consequences will be serious if the elderly cannot deal with these risks successfully or some related departments interfere insufifciently. The consequences can be serious disease, bad life quality, lack of value, loneliness and even signiifcant increase in suicide rate. Therefore, comprehensive mechanism needs to be constructed to solve these problems.

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养老安全感是老年人安全感中非常重要的维度，与健康老龄化、晚年生活质量息息相关。但目前农村老年人养老安全感面临着多种风险。基于调研数据，对调研资料进行分析，发现农村老年人养老安全感现状堪忧；进一步采用Ordered Probit模型对调研资料进行回归分析，发现社会支持来源四维度中，经济支持来源以家庭支持为主的农村老年人的养老安全感显著强于以社会力量支持为主的农村老年人，且该结果非常稳健；社会保障二维度中养老保险显著正向作用于农村老年人养老安全感，但并不稳健。在总结研究结论的基础上，提出若干建议和思考。
Sense of pension security is a vital dimension of the sense of security for the elderly for it is closely related to their healthy aging and quality of life in later years. However,currently,the sense of pension security for the rural elderly is faced with many risks.An analysis of the research data found out that the current condition of the sense of security for the rural elderly remained depressing. In addition,Ordered Probit model was adopted for a regression analysis of the research data and found that among the four dimensions in the re-sources of social support,the sense of pension security of those rural elderly whose major source of financial support were stronger than those rural elderly whose mainly source of financial support were social forces,and the notable influence was very robust.Between two dimensions in the social security,pension insurance cast no-table influence on the dependent variable,although it was not robust.Based on the research findings,some sug-

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基于北京大学"中国健康与养老追踪调查"(CHARLS)数据库,运用交叉分析和Logistics模型,研究农村女性老年人医疗服务利用水平。农村女性老年人的医疗服务利用水平很低,特别是低、中龄段女性老年人病后不到医院就诊的现象比较突出;医疗保险因素、经济因素和人口因素是影响农村女性老年人医疗服务利用水平的三个重要因素。要提高农村女性老年人的医疗服务利用水平,就要提升社会经济水平、建立健全医疗保障体系,特别是要将提升低、中龄段女性老年人医疗服务利用水平作为工作重点,为此要增强她们的医疗保健意识。
Based on the analysis of “China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study” (CHARLS) database by using Logistics Model and cross-over analysis, it is found that the medical care utilization rate for rural elder women is low. Especially the phenomenon of elder women not going to hospital after sick gets serious. The medical care utilization is effected by medical care conditions, income and population. For improvement the medical care utilization of elder women in rural area, the economy should be developed and medical insurance system should be established. Especially focus on the work of medical care utilization improvement for elder rural women by enhancing their awareness of health care and legal rights.

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农村社区老年人协会是农村社区中自我管理、自我组织、自我服务和自我教育的民间组织。老年人协会具有再造老年人非物质福利的内部效应和地方性知识重建的外部效应。随着中国老龄社会的到来，老年人协会要发挥维护老年人福利和村庄治理的双重功能。福建晋江Q社区老年人协会经过近30年的发展，如今已成为该社区新农村建设中一支不可或缺的民间力量。
Rural community elderly association is self-management, self-organization, self-service and self-education organizations in the rural communities. The elderly association has the internal effect of reconstructing the eldly intangible benefits and external effect of local knowledge reconstruction. With the arrival of aging society in China, elderly association need to play a double function both in the maintenance of elderly welfare and the village governance. After nearly 30 years of development, Fujian Jinjiang Q Community elderly association has now become a non-governmental force which is indispensable to the construction of new countryside community.

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本文分析了实施农村老年人最低生活保障的必要性。以农村老年人基本生活需要的测量为基础,探讨最低保障金支付标准和具体实施方案,并据此推算农村养老保险省级财政补助额和财政负担。
This paper analyzes the necessity of introducing minimum pension for the rural elderly.Based on the measurements of the basic needs of older persons in rural areas,the paper try to determine the minimum pension standards and its specific implementation plan,project the amount of financial assistance and the financial burden at the provincial level.

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在"积极老龄化"理论的指导下,老年人社会参与逐渐进入研究者的视野。如何促进欠发达地区农村老年人广泛而有效地参与社会,提高他们的生活质量是老龄化社会必须面对的问题。在对农村老年人社会参与的内涵及意义进行深入探讨的基础上,以欠发达地区陕南安康市旬阳县七里村为研究个案,采用问卷调查与入户访谈的方法,描述了七里村老年人社会参与的现状,深入分析了当前七里村老年人社会参与不足的成因,探索出促进欠发达地区农村老年人全面参与社会的对策。
Under the guidance of active aging theory,researchers begin to pay more attention to the social participa-tion of the elderly. The aging society must be confronted with the issues about how to promote social participation of the elderly in the countryside of less developed area widely and effectively and improve their life quality. Based on the deep discussion of connotations and meanings for social participation of the elderly in the countryside,the paper takes Qili Village of Xunyang County in Ankang City asexample by means of questionnaire survey and interviews, describes situation of social participation of the elderly in Qili Village,and analyzes the causes for the insufficiency of social participation of the elderly in Qili Village as well as exploring the strategies in promoting the wide social participation of the elderly in countryside of less developed areas.

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目的了解北京社区失能老年人与照护现状。方法采取分层、随机、整群的抽样方法,入户调查西城区(城区)、大兴区(郊区农村)和怀柔区(山区农村)60岁及以上老年人2776例。采用日常生活活动能力量表评估老年人的失能状况。结果调查的老年人中失能老年人为324例,占11.7%,农村失能老年人构成比(16.8%)高于城区(7.4%);随年龄增长失能率增高。10.8%的失能老年人为独居,无照料人同住,尤其农村及女性失能老年人独居比例高。失能老年人的照护人主要是子女(56.6%),其次是配偶(31.1%)。62.7%的失能老年人月均收入在500元以下,农村低收入比例明显高于城区。失能老年人家庭认为目前医药负担较重的占67.6%,其中28.7%的失能老年人家庭认为承受困难。结论老年人失能比例高,家庭与社会照护现状不能满足需求的增长,应探索和建立失能老年人长期照护的有效模式。
Objective To understand the disabled elderly in Beijing and the current status of caring of them. Methods Stratified, random and cluster sampling methods were used, and household surveys were taken among 2776 cases of elderly aged 60 and above in Xicheng District (city), Daxing District (rural outskirts) and Huairou District (moun-tainous countryside). ADL (Activity of Daily Living Scale) was used to assess the elderly disability status. Results In the investigation, 324 elderly were disabled; accounting for 11.7%, the number of disabled elderly in rural areas was signifi-cantly higher than that in urban area, and the disability ratio increaseed along with the age growth. 10.8% of disabled el-derly live alone, not living with caregivers; the ratio was especially higher in rural area and for elderly women. Children of the elderly were mainly the caregivers for the disabled elderly, followed by the spouse. The average monthly income of 67.7% of the disabled was below 500 Yuan,

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利用来自湖北省和江西省两个村庄的调查材料，探讨了农村老年人再婚的现状、需求和主要障碍，并提出了相应的政策建议。农村老年人较之于从前有着更加强烈的再婚需求，但由于观念上和经济层面上的现实障碍，老年人在实际再婚比例和再婚意愿之间还存在较大差距。需要国家、社会、老人子女和老年人自己共同努力，创造利于农村老人再婚的制度保障、社会环境和家庭条件。
This paper uses the survey materials about two villages in Hubei and Jiangxi province, discusses the present situation, demand and the main obstacles of rural elderly people’s remarriage, and puts forward relevant policy suggestions. The result indicates that the rural elderly people have more intense remarried demand than before because their situation changed. By reason of the economic obstacles and the concept of obstacles, there is a large gap between remarried ratio of aged people and their wills. Therefore, the state, the society, the elderly and the children need to work together to promote the institution guarantee, social environment and family conditions for the elderly remarriage.

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