鉴于昆虫在植物传粉授精、害虫生物控制、土壤有机物分解中提供多种生态系统服务功能,本文在害虫生态调控、区域性害虫生态调控与生境管理的基础上,进一步提出基于多种生态服务功能的农田景观昆虫生态调控理论、方法与实践。认为:昆虫管理不仅仅是害虫的管理,还应包括有益昆虫(如传粉昆虫、天敌昆虫、分解昆虫)的管理,这种管理应从单一农田生态系统扩展到农田景观生态系统,充分考虑农田景观中昆虫的传粉功能、生物控害功能和分解功能,通过对功能植物、作物与非作物生境的空间布局以及时间序列上的生态设计,从空间上明确昆虫(包括害虫、天敌、传粉昆虫、分解昆虫)在不同生境中的转移扩散动态,从时间上掌握昆虫在不同寄主植物与非作物生境上的演替过程,从技术上着重发挥有利于昆虫的传粉功能、生物控害功能和分解功能的综合措施,在研究方法上突出使用稳定同位素、生态能量学、化学生态学等定量分析手段,研究景观区域内中"植物-昆虫"互作过程及其生态调控措施的作用,寻求不同时空条件下控害保益的关键措施,设计和组装出维持多功能的农田景观昆虫生态调控技术体系,创造有利于天敌控害、蜜蜂传粉、土壤分解的环境条件,以发挥昆虫类群在农田景观中最大的生态服务功能。

Insects play an important role in pollination, biological control, and organic-matter disposition in agroecosystems. Furthermore, agricultural landscape patterns have a great effect on insect distribution, which in turn affects the multiple ecological services insects provide. Based on integrated pest and habitat management, we suggest a new theory of the ecological management of agricultural insects based on ecological services at a landscape scale. Insect management should be conducted on a broad landscape scale for a single agroecosystem. Moreover, the pollination, biological control, and organic-matter disposition services provided by the insect community should be considered in agricultural landscape design. On one hand, the core technology is the construction and design of functional plants and non-crop habitats, which enhance both the activity of natural enemies and the multiple ecological services provided by insect communities, and suppress pest populations to the greatest ext

对全国378家生产微生物农药、植物源农药、生物化学农药以及天敌生物等生物源农药的主要生产企业进行了问卷调查。结果表明，生物源农药登记品种共计112个，其中微生物农药30个、植物源农药29个、生物化学农药26个、天敌生物2个、农用抗生素25个（未包含阿维菌素），占整个登记农药品种数量的17%；2012年全国生物源农药年产量（含与化学农药的混配产品）约为29万吨，约占农药总产量的8%。从整体情况来看，生物源农药在整个农药产业中的比重非常低，不同生物源农药品种之间以及不同生产企业之间的发展水平差异较大，生物源农药自身的特性、登记管理政策以及用药成本等因素是制约生物源农药产业发展的主要因素。

A questionnaire survey was conducted to 378 enterprises engaged in biologically derived pesticides, such as microbial pesticides, botanical pesticides, bio-chemical pesticides, natural enemy and agricultural antibiotics pesticides. There were 112 registered biologically derived active ingredients (AIs), including 30 microbial pesticides, 29 botanical pesticides, 26 bio-chemical pesticides, 2 natural enemies, and 25 agricultural antibiotics (not including abamectin), and accounting for 17% of total number of registered pesticide AIs. In 2012, the production of biological derived pesticides was about 2.9×105 tons (including mixtures products with chemical pesticides), accounting for about 8% of the total output of pesticides. Overall, the quota of biologically derived pesticides in the whole pesticide industry is very low, and the development levels of different varieties of biologically derived pesticides and different manufacturers differ greatly. Several factors, such as pr

针对冀北山地的森林鼠害发生规律及防治措施进行了研究,通过铗捕法和洞口统计法进行鼠害种类及密度的调查;通过踏查确定主要危害树种;采用化学、物理、营林、生物药剂、天敌等5种方法进行了防治效果对比分析。结果表明,该区域威胁森林资源安全的主要鼠害为棕背鼲,油松是其主要为害树种;7月、8月是其为害高峰期,也是防治的关键期;物理防治(树干套管)和营林措施(割灌除草)防治效果最好,分别达到83%和89%,并且具有可操作性,适合大面积推广;天敌防治见效周期较长,是解决森林鼠害的治本之道,但短期效果不太明显,生物药剂防治效果不佳。

In this paper ,the occurrence and control measures of the forest rodent pest in the mountainous area of northern Hebei Province are studied ,using the trap capture and the sta-tistical method to investigate rodent species and density .Through step-driving investigation the number of main rodent species was determined and prevention effects of five measures in-cluding chemical control ,physical control ,biological agent control ,biological control and silviculture ware comparatively analyzed .The results showed that Clethrionomys ruf ocanus is the main rodent threating the security of regional forest resources and mainly harming pines with the damage peak occuring in July and August as the key prevention and control period .The physical control (stem casing) and silvicultural measure (brush weeding) proved to have the best control effect ,reaching 83% and 89% respectively ,with high maneuver-ability ,and feasibility for generalization in large area w hile biological control as

水分作为一种重要的环境因子,对陆地生物生长发育有着至关重要的作用。随着全球气候变暖,异常天气频发,水分胁迫也成为了影响农作物及其害虫生长发育的重要逆境胁迫。本文从水分胁迫对植食性昆虫的直接和间接影响进行阐述:从湿度、降雨量和土壤含水量角度讨论了水分胁迫对昆虫的直接影响;从水分影响植物和天敌角度,讨论了水分胁迫对植物-植食者性昆虫-天敌三营养阶层互作的间接影响,以期为理解农业害虫发生机制及其可持续治理决策提供研究信息和理论参考。

Water as an important environment factor that plays a vital role in the growth and development of terrestrial life. With global warming and the consequent more frequent occurrence of abnormal weather conditions, water stress has become an important adverse stress factor which influences the growth and development of both plants and herbivores. This article describes both the direct and indirect influence of water stress on phytophagous insects. Direct effects include humidity, rainfall and soil moisture content and indirect effects include the effects of water stress on the host plants and the natural enemies of herbivorous insects. The object of this review is to provide a theoretical reference for understanding the effects of water stress on agricultural pests and to thereby improve their prevention and control.

为了让更多的人了解我国草原虫害生物防治技术应用情况,在查阅文献的基础上,结合我国草原虫害防控工作现状,回顾了草原虫害生物防治工作的进展历程,详细介绍了在推广工作中蝗虫微孢子虫、绿僵菌、类产碱假单胞菌、核型多角体病毒、阿维菌素、牧鸡牧鸭和人工招引粉红椋鸟、印楝素、苦参碱、烟碱·苦参碱等生物药剂和天敌控制技术的研究进展及在草原上的应用现状。最后,总结了近10年我国草原虫害生物防治技术的应用情况,指出我国草原虫害生物防控正在形成由微生物农药、农用抗生素、天敌利用、植物源农药等多种技术构成的新型格局,并针对防治工作中存在的主要问题,提出了对策建议,为今后开展相关研究和工作提供技术支持和参考依据。

In order to provide detailed information on the development and application of biological technolo-gy for controlling the pest insect in rangeland in China,the technologies,including Nosema locustae,Metarhiz-ium flavoviride,Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes,nuclear polyhedrosis viruses,avermectins,herding chicken and duck,attracting Sturnus roseus,azadirachtin,matrine and matrine-nicotine were introduced based on reviewing the literatures and research word.And the application and extension work,including microbial pesticide,agricul-tural antibiotic,natural enemy and botanical pesticide,were summarized.Some suggestions related to important problems existing in application were also provided.