阐述了铜绿异丽金龟的分布与寄主、识别特征、生活史习性以及控制技术。

Pick to:this paper expounds the verdigris different distribution of the beetle and the host, and identifying characteristics, life habit and controlling technology.

寄生蜂之间的竞争作用是影响昆虫群落的大小、结构和稳定性的主要因素之一，也是影响寄主种群密度变化和生防系统有效性的关键因素。寄生蜂之间的竞争可发生在搜索寄主的成蜂之间（外竞争， extrinsic competition），亦可发生在同一寄主体内同时发育的幼虫之间（内竞争，intrinsic competition）。全面、深入地了解寄生蜂的种间和种内竞争互作关系、影响竞争结果的主要因素和竞争作用对寄主控效的影响等可为害虫生物防治体系中天敌的选择和管理提供依据，为建立持续有效的害虫生防体系奠定基础。本文首先从寄生蜂成蜂搜寻、定位寄主的能力和寄主识别的能力两个方面对寄生蜂成蜂的竞争能力进行了综述，其次又从物理攻击和生理抑制两个方面对寄生蜂幼虫的竞争能力进行了综述，最后指出了科学、全面、深入地阐明农业生态系统中多种寄生蜂间的相互作用关系的必要性。

Competition between parasitoid species may be a key factor in shaping size, structure and stability of insect communities as well as an important factor in influencing pest population density and the efficiency of biological control programs. Interspecific competitive interactions between parasitoids exist either between adult parasitoids searching and locating hosts (extrinsic competition) or between larval parasitoids sharing the same host (intrinsic competition). Further understanding the inter- and intraspecific competition in parasitoids and the factors affecting the competition outcome as well as its effect on host suppression could provide implications for selection and management of effective natural enemies in biological control program. We reviewed the interspecific competitive abilities of adult parasitoids in terms of host searching/location strategies and host discrimination, and the inter- and intraspecific competitive abilities of larval parasitoids developing within the

植物细胞与动物细胞一个基本的共同特征是细胞核与细胞质之间都存在着物质交换.大多数真核生物参与细胞核核膜运输的大分子具有保守性,这些细胞核组分的突变会损害植物体防御信号的传导,因此核质交换在植物先天性免疫中起重要作用.细胞核核膜对于防御调节因子在空间上的相互隔离,以及细胞受到外界刺激后相应调节因子受诱导发生易位进入细胞核,是植物体中相关防御基因表达调控的基础.病原微生物的无毒蛋白多数作用于植物细胞的细胞核;寄主的抗性蛋白、免疫元件、转录因子、转录调控因子等重要成分不断进行核质交换,并且这些寄主成分在细胞核内的积累量对植物防御反应的水平起着决定性的影响.这些实事都进一步说明了植物细胞核对于植物与病原微生物之间的相互作用具有重要影响.本文就细胞核对于植物体与病原微生物之间相互识别的重要性进行了新的论述.

@@@@The exchanges of components between the cytoplasm and the nucleus exist in both the plant cells and and animal cells. The macromolecules involved in the nuclear membrane transport are conservative in most eukaryotes. These nuclei components mutations impair the signal transduction of plant defense. It indicates that nucleocytoplasmic exchange plays an important role in plants innate immunity. The spatial isolation of defense regulators by the nuclear envelope and stimulus induced nuclear translocation are of great significance to the defense-associated gene regulation in plants. Lots of effectors from various pathogens are targeted to the cell nucleus of host plants. Additionly,the frequent transport of important host factors,like R proteins, immunity components,transcription factors and transcriptional regulators between the cytoplasm and the nucleus,and their amounts in the nuclear determine the defense response of the host plants. All the facts show the importance of t

综述了国内外在苜蓿细菌性病害方面的研究概况。全世界现已报道9种苜蓿细菌性病害,它们是由8种细菌病原引起的,这些细菌分属于6个属。其中由革兰氏阳性细菌引起的病害1种,即苜蓿细菌性萎蔫病（Clavibacter michiganensisi subsp.insidiosus）;革兰氏阴性菌引起的病害有8种,即细菌性芽萎蔫病（Erwinia persicina）,细菌性芽腐烂病（Erwinia chrysanthemi）,根癌土壤杆菌（Agrobacterium tumefaciens）,冠腐和根腐综合病（Pseudomonas viridiflava）,细菌性叶斑病和细菌性猝倒病为同一病原（Xanthomonas campestris pv.alfalfae）,细菌性茎疫病（Pseudomonas syringae pv.syringae）和矮化病（Xylella fastidiosa）。我国已报道危害较轻的细菌性叶斑病（X.campestris pv.alfalfae）和细菌性茎疫病（P.syringae pv.syringae）以及2012年新报道的细菌性芽萎蔫病（E.persicina）。本文归纳了苜蓿细菌性病害的种类及其特征;列举了病害的分布及其寄主范围;详述了它们的症状识别与病原表型特征;介绍了当前常见的苜蓿细菌病原鉴定方法,即形态、生理和生化表型特征鉴定,系统发育如16SrRNA序列分析以及自动化数值分析如Biolog自动鉴定系统。

Research progress on alfalfa bacterial diseases,both in China and overseas,are reviewed.Nine bacte-rial diseases of alfalfa were recorded in worldwide and they were caused by 8 bacterial pathogens belonging to 6 genera.They were alfalfa bacterial wilt caused by the gram-positive bacterium (Clavibacter michiganensisi subsp.insidiosus),and 8 bacterial diseases of alfalfa caused by gram-negative bacteria:bacterial sprout wilt (Erwiniapersicinus),bacterial sprout rot (Erwiniachrysanthemi pv.chrysanthemi),crown gall (Agrobac-teriumtumefaciens),crown and root rot complex (Pseudomonasviridiflava),bacterial leaf spot and damping off (Xanthomonas campestris pv.alfalfae),bacterial stem blight (Pseudomonas syringae pv.syringae)and dwarf (Xylellafastidiosa).Alfalfa bacterial leaf spot and bacterial stem blight were recorded,and bacterial sprout wilt,a new disease,was first reported in 2012,in China.In this paper,the types of alfalfa bacterial dis-eases and their characteristics,distribution and ho