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双语推荐：批判性思维

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批判性思维的辩证性是邓小平思维方式的一大特色。辩证思维与批判性思维既有差别又有联系：一方面，辩证思维离不开批判性思维，批判性思维在辩证思维中起着重要的作用；另一方面，批判性思维含有辩证的成分，批判性思维具有辩证的性质和特征。在开辟中国特色社会主义道路过程中，邓小平运用批判性思维的辩证性，分析了“个人崇拜”，确立了真理标准；邓小平运用批判性思维的辩证性，正确阐明了资本主义和社会主义的关系，坚持对立统一的思维方式，反对非此即彼的思维定势；邓小平运用批判性思维的辩证性，提出了“两点论”与“重点论”相结合的思维方式。
Dialectical Critical thinking is Deng Xiaoping’s characteristic of thinking mode.Dialectical thinking and criti-cal thinking have both difference and connection.On the one hand,the dialectical thinking can not do without critical thinking;critical thinking plays an important role in the dialectical thinking;On the other hand,critical thinking has a dialectical element;critical thinking has a dialectical nature and characteristics.In the process of opening up the road of socialism with Chinese characteristics,Deng Xiaoping,using the dialectical of critical thinking,analyzed the “personali-ty cult”,and established the standard of truth;Using the dialectical critical thinking,Deng Xiaoping correctly clarified the relationship between capitalism and socialism,adhering to the unity of opposites of ways of thinking,against either this or that way of mind-set.Using the dialectical critical thinking,Deng Xiaoping put forward the way of thinking of combining the “two points”and

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邓小平思维方式是典型的批判性思维。批判性思维是邓小平理论创新的动力和源泉；邓小平批判性思维有利于确立科学的思维方式；邓小平批判性思维有利于培养求真务实的精神和开拓创新的勇气；邓小平批判性思维有助于开启思维的闸门。
Deng Xiaoping’s thinking mode is a typical critical thinking.Critical thinking is the moti-vation and source of Deng Xiaoping theory innovation;Deng Xiaoping’s critical thinking is helpful to establish the scientific way of thinking;Deng Xiaoping’s critical thinking to cultivate practical spirit and the courage of innovation;Deng Xiaoping’s critical thinking will help open thinking gate.

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本文是对中国西安市城镇高中生批判性思维的调查.通过应用 和 测查发现:高中生在批判性思维倾向上总体处于中等水平;在批判性思维技能上总体水平较低;文科生与理科生在批判性思维倾向上没有显著差异,而在批判性思维技能上有显著差异;重点班学生与非重点班学生在批判性思维倾向和技能上均有显著差异;男生与女生在批判性思维倾向和技能上没有显著差异.
This paper reports the development of critical thinking of urban high school students in the Chinese city of Xi''an. It presents the assessment of the students'' two components of critical thinking: dispositions towards critical thinking and critical thinking skills, using the California Critical Thinking Disposition Inventory and the California Critical Thinking Skills Test. Results show that the students'' dispositions toward critical thinking are at an average level while their critical thinking skills are very low. This research also shows that there is no significant difference between students from science classes and arts classes in their critical thinking dispositions while science students have a higher level of critical thinking skills. Students from advanced classes have a higher level of the two components of critical thinking than their counterparts from general classes. There are no differences between male students and female students in both components.

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通过对批判性思维的界定，从内涵、发展历程和国内外研究现状对医学生的批判性思维能力进行解读，分析医学生培养中批判性思维的缺失，阐述批判性思维在医学教育中的必要性，并从批判性思维教育角度提出医学人才培养方向。
Based on defining critical thinking and reviewing the connotation, development and research status of medical students’ abilities of critical thinking, this paper analyzed the absence of critical training in the training of medical students and highlighted the crucial role critical thinking played in medical education. Finally, the authors pointed out the directions of medical talent training from the perspective of critical thinking education.

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通过分析国内外关于医学生批判性思维研究的相关文献，明确培养医学生批判性思维的意义；了解目前常用的批判性思维评测工具和医学生批判性思维调查现状；从个人、环境和教育三个方面探讨医学生批判性思维的影响因素；提出在医学教育方面，可以通过更新教学理念、应用启发式教学和改革评价方法来培养医学生的批判性思维。
Literatures about critical thinking in medical education both at home and abroad were selected out. According to the literatures analysis, the significance of critical thinking cultivation for medical students was cleared, the common assessment tools and investigation results of medical students'' critical thinking were introduced, and the related influence factors from three aspects including personal, environment and education were discussed. At last, medical students'' critical thinking can be improved by teaching idea updating, heuristic teaching application and evaluation reform.

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批判性思维是医学生必须具备的基本能力,其教育一直备受西方国家医学教育研究者的关注.围绕“教什么”“如何教”和“如何更好地教”,西方学者为医学生批判性思维教学实践提供了重要参考.医学生批判性思维教育研究在我国尚处于起步阶段,沿袭西方国家医学教育批判性思维教育理论发展思路,我国未来的研究工作应当关注:界定医学教育视域下批判性思维的概念和内涵;探究新的和有效的批判性思维教学方法和策略;构建医学生批判性思维影响因素模型;评价我国医学院校批判性思维教学现状.
Critical thinking ability is the essential requirement for medical students,and critical thinking training has always been the center of medical education researchers in the Western.Focus on what to teach,how to teach,and how to improve teaching,western scholars have made great contributions for medical education practitioners.Research on critical thinking education is at the start stage in China.Along with the ideology of western theories on critical thinking education in medicine,Chinese researchers should pay attention on:defining critical thinking which is appropriate for mnedical education; exploring new and effective teaching pedagogies and strategies for developing critical thinking; constructing a rounded antecedents model of medical students'' critical thinking; evaluating the appropriates of critical thinking education in China.

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批判性思维是理性和创造性的核心能力，没有批判性思维教育就没有真正的素质教育。本文从心理学和教育领域对国外批判性思维的研究进行了总结，并对我国批判性思维的发展提出了建议。
Critical thinking is the core of reason and creativity. No critical thinking, no the real quality education. This study re-viewed critical thinking of foreign countries from the fields of philosophy, psychology and education, and gave some sugges-tions on critical thinking.

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批判性思维教学在我国法律硕士教育中存在被误用的情形，这不仅导致学生批判性思维能力低下，还瓦解了学生对法律的信仰。批判性思维教学在我国法律硕士教育中异化成为批判而批判的教学，是受特定的社会条件和一些主观因素共同作用而形成的。矫正批判性思维教学在我国法律硕士教育中的误用，首先需要考虑法律人思维的保守性，其次是法学教师应真正领会批判性思维的核心内涵，避免为批判而批判的形式主义。
There has been misuse of teaching for critical thinking in legal education in our country ,which tends not only to reduce students''critical thinking ability but also to destroy their faith in law .Such misuse which results from specific social conditions and subjective factors ,often turns teaching to formal criticism without content .Its rectification should emphasize the conservativeness of the thinking of legal professionals and grasp the core of critical thinking to avoid pure formalism .

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通过对近10年来（2003-2013）有关大学英语批判性思维研究的文章进行统计和分析，得出以下结论：研究数量呈快速上升趋势；研究内容主要围绕三方面进行：大学英语批判性思维培养整体策略、英语听说读写批判性思维培养以及英语专业具体课程批判思维培养；研究方法较为单一，实证性研究偏少。在今后研究中，需加强批判思维测量、英语听说批判思维培养等方面的研究。
The research about the cultivation of critical thinking in college English done in the past ten years shows that the number of papers in this field is rapidly increasing and that research content centers around three aspects .However , the number of qualitative research is more than that of quantitative re-search.More quantitative research should be done in the future .

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问题解决在线学习活动强调将学习活动置于有意义的问题情境中，通过个人或小组协作的方式来解决问题。问题解决的过程与批判性思维的发展密不可分，批判性思维是问题解决学习活动中重要的认知加工过程。Newman等学者提出的批判性思维模型详细界定了批判性思维的发展层级及其表现，可用于量化分析在线学习活动中的交互文本内容，而话语分析技术可以从质性角度确保交互文本分析的完整意义。通过设计案例并运用这两种分析工具可以揭示出问题解决学习活动中批判性思维发展的特征：一是批判性思维各层级出现的频率是不一样的，各种表现的量化比例可以表明批判性思维发展的层级；二是批判性思维质量与构建问题空间及形成问题解决策略的效果密切相关；三是在问题解决的不同阶段批判性思维发展的过程和互动结构不同。
Through the way of group collaboration or individuals to solve problems, problem-solving online learning activities highlights that learning activities should be introduced into a truthful, meaningful problem situation. It is inseparable between the development of critical thinking and problem-solving process. Critical thinking is an important cognitive process in problem-solving learning activities. The critical thinking model made by Newman gives a detailed definition of hierarchies of critical thinking. The model is used to make a quantitative analysis of interactive text in online learning activities. Discourse analysis is used to enable the researchers to grasp the complete meanings of interactive text analysis. This research revealed the characteristics of critical thinking by case designs and application of Newman''s critical thinking model and discourse analysis. It is shown in the research that:firstly, the frequency of critical thinking hierarchies is different and

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