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双语推荐：枝干比

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本文对2006-2013年期间我国感病桉树或桉树木片上发现的21个真菌物种的分类地位、形态特征、菌落特点、寄主范围、分布地域和危害特点等进行了概述。介绍的对象包括桉树枝干斑点溃疡病原 Teratosphaeria zuluensis（祖鲁畸腔菌）；桉树叶部斑点溃疡病原Teratosphaeria destructans（破畸腔菌），Mycosphaerella marksii（马克氏球腔菌），M. crystallina（水晶球腔菌），M. yunnanensis（云南球腔菌）；桉树顶梢及叶白枯萎病原 Quambalaria pitereka（彼特氏桉座孢）；桉树苗茎腐病原 Calonectria cerciana（桉树丽赤壳），C. pauciramosa（常丽赤壳），C. pseudoreteaudii（瑞丽赤壳）；桉树叶焦枯病原 C. crousiana（克儒斯氏丽赤壳），C. fujianensis（福建丽赤壳），C. pauciramosa（常丽赤壳）， C. pseudocolhounii（类柯氏丽赤壳），C. pseudoreteaudii（瑞丽赤壳）；桉树木片腐烂病原Ophiostoma tsotsi（类栎长喙壳菌）；桉树枝干溃疡病原Chrysoporthe deuterocubensis（类古巴黄隐丛赤壳），Fusicoccum fabicercianum（法比桉树壳梭孢），Lasiodiplodia theobromae（柯柯豆毛色二孢），L. pseudotheobromae（类柯柯豆毛色二孢），Celoporthe guangdongensis（广东暗隐丛赤壳），C. eucalypti（桉树暗隐丛赤壳）；桉树枝干枯萎病原Ceratocystis acaciivora（相思长喙壳），C. chinaeucensis（中国桉树长喙壳）。
At least twenty-one species of fungi have been identified from diseased eucalypt trees or wood in China during the period from 2006 to 2013. In this study, a checklist of these species is supplied and for each of these fungi a concise description is provided of its: taxonomic status; morphological characteristics;culture morphology; host range; and, geographical distribution. These fungi include Teratosphaeria zuluensis, Teratosphaeria destructans, Mycosphaerella marksii, M. crystallina, M. yunnanensis, Quamba-laria pitereka, Calonectria cerciana, C. pauciramosa, C. pseudoreteaudii, C. crousiana, C. fujianensis, C. pseudocolhounii, Ophiostoma tsotsi, Fusicoccum fabicercianum, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, L. pseudotheobromae, Chrysoporthe deuterocubensis, Celoporthe guangdongensis, C. eucalypti, Ceratocystis acaciivora and C. chinaeucensis.

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目的：探究肝郁脾虚型失眠应用柴胡桂枝干姜汤联合背腧指针疗法治疗的临床疗效观察。方法：资料随机选自2011年6月-2013年6月在本院诊治的76例肝郁脾虚型失眠患者，将患者按照随机数字表方法分为两组，每组38例，予以阿普挫仑治疗作对照组，予以柴胡桂枝干姜汤联合背腧指针疗法治疗作研究组，分析两组临床疗效和睡眠质量情况。结果：研究组有效率比对照组高；且研究组的睡眠质量评分比对照组优，比较差异具统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论：对肝郁脾虚型失眠患者予以柴胡桂枝干姜汤联合背腧指针疗法进行治疗效果显著，且能够明显提高睡眠质量，具有一定临床应用价值。
Objective: To investigate clinical effects of Chaihu Guizhi Ganjiang decoction plus acupuncture on treating insomnia. Methods: 76 patients were randomly divided into two groups, the control group was given alprazolam, another was given TCM medicine plus acupuncture. Results: The efficiency and sleep quality score in study group were better, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion: TCM medicine plus acupuncture has remarkable effects, and can obviously improve sleep quality, is worthy of clinical application.

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通过调查测定福建明溪县不同密度观赏型南方红豆杉人工林幼树的生长指标和形态指标，研究其生长及形态学特征与林分密度的关系。结果表明，不同密度林分的幼树在冠长、冠幅、地径、枝下高、侧枝数量等树冠特征性状和圆满度、枝叶浓密度等观赏性状方面均存在显著差异，在树高及叶色间不存在显著差异。林分密度对生物量的分布格局有着显著影响，对不同器官生物量、生物量分配比等指标均有显著影响；单株不同器官生物量和叶枝干等器官生物量分配比，根生物量分配比和地上/地下生物量比均随林分密度增加而降低。林分密度对1级侧枝分枝角、1级侧枝数量、1级侧枝密度及平均长度有着显著影响，且随着林分密度增加而下降，幼树树冠对林分密度有着显著可塑性响应，表现出强烈的可塑性反应。
The growth and morphological characteristics of ornamental type Taxus chinensis var.mairei saplings in plantations with different stand densities were studies by sampling measurements in Mingxi County,Fujian.The results showed that there were significant differences in crown length crown diameter,basal diameter,the lowest branch height, number of lateral branches,the vertical distribution of leaf area,ratio of crown diameter and crown length (CFR),the dense foliage of the plant among the ornamental Taxus chinensis var.mairei plantations with different stand densities. There were no significant differences in tree height,leaf color under different stand structures.The biomass distribution pattern,different organ biomass,biomass allocation ratio,above and below ground biomass ratio of the saplings was all significantly correlated with the stand structure density.The average biomass of different organs per sapling,the biomass allocation ratio in the leaves,branches and the stem

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研究枝干和杏果实在落果过程中的瞬时速度及位移变化规律，为振动机械化采收提供必要的理论依据。通过机械振动装置对杏树进行振动采收试验，借助高速摄像仪对振动采收过程进行跟踪拍摄记录，利用 Phantom软件对图像进行分析、计算。由分析可知：在受迫振动中同枝干、不同位置的杏果实瞬时速度的变化规律有6个阶段，所在枝干的瞬时速度峰值出现时刻都较杏果实瞬时速度峰值出现的早；杏果实瞬时速度的变化周期与所在枝干瞬时速度的周期变化相近，约为70～80ms，完全分离前的6～10ms，杏果实与所在枝干的相对瞬时速度达到最大。结果证明：振动采收时使用高速摄像装置进行速度分析，可以较好地得到落果的运动规律，直观地了解整个落果过程并且量化杏果实的力学性能参数。
In order to research the instantaneous velocity and displacement variation of branches and apricot fruit in the fruit dropping for vibration to provide the necessary theoretical basis in mechanical harvesting .By mechanical vibration device for doing apricot harvest vibration test , using high-speed camera for tracking and recording vibration harvesting process , and using Phantom for analyzing and calculate .By forced vibration analysis shows that the instantaneous velocity of apricot fruit have six stages at the different variation positions in the same branches ,where the branches of the instanta-neous velocity peak moments are more earlier than the instantaneous velocity peak moments of apricot fruit ,the changing cycle of instantaneous velocity of apricot fruit instantaneous speed are similar to the branches ,about 70ms to 80ms.Be-fore 6-10 ms completely separated ,the relative instantaneous velocity of apricot fruit and the branches is maximized .The results prove that

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柠檬红锈藻病(Cephaleuros parasicas Karst)是造成柠檬树未老先衰,柠檬减产的一种枝干病害,在云南省柠檬产区发生普遍,且为害较重。通过不同龄期柠檬植株和枝干对红锈藻病的抗病性调查,结果表明:红锈藻病在柠檬植株定植2~5年发病,以定植3~4年发病最重,发病率均为100%,病情指数分别为72.20%和84.27%;柠檬枝干2~5年生均发病,发病率为100%,以2、3年生枝干病情指数最高,分别为82.56%和87.68%;定植1年植株和1年生枝干均不发病。9种杀菌剂的大田筛选试验表明:75%百菌清和46%氢氧化铜的防治效果较好,施药后2 d的防效分别为56.79%和48.47%,施药后5 d的防效分别为100%和75.19%。但46%氢氧化铜等铜制剂与其他杀菌剂、杀虫剂混合使用时易造成柠檬幼果药害。
Lemon red rust alga caused by Cephaleuros parasicas Karst is a widespread and serious disease of lemon branches in Dehong , Yunnan province , and it results in the premature senility of lemon tree and the decrease in lemon yield .The resistances of lemon plants and branches at different ages to red rust alga were investigated .It was found that red rust alga occurred in the lemon plants which have been planted for 2~5 years.Its occurrence in 3-year-old and 4-year-old plants was more serious with the incidence of 100%, and their disease indexes were 72.20%and 84.27%respectively.The 2~5-year-old lemon branches were infected by this alga with the incidence of 100%, and the disease indexes of 2 -year -old and 3 -year -old branches were 82.56%and 87.68%respectively.Red rust alga was not found in one -year-old plants and one-year-old branches.The field tests for the screening of 9 kinds of fungicides showed that 75%Chlorothalonil and 46%Copper hydroxide had better control effects against thi

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采用两步水热法，第1步利用 Au 作为催化剂生长 ZnO 纳米杆；第2步利用醋酸锌分解成 ZnO纳米颗粒作籽晶层在ZnO 纳米杆的侧壁生长 ZnO 纳米枝条，在Si片上成功制备了枝干状 ZnO 纳米结构。利用 SEM、XRD 分别表征枝干状 ZnO 纳米结构的形貌和晶体结构，研究籽晶层、反应液浓度、反应时间等参数对枝干状ZnO 纳米结构形貌的影响。结果表明， Au作为催化剂生长的 ZnO 纳米杆具有沿(103)面择优取向生长的特性，而籽晶层对在侧壁生长 ZnO 纳米枝条至关重要。通过调节反应参数，可控制枝干状ZnO 纳米结构的形貌，当反应液浓度越小，反应时间越长，纳米枝条越细、越长。所制备的枝干状 ZnO 纳米结构具有很好的生物兼容性，可作为细胞支架材料。
Branched ZnO nanostructures with different morphologies have been synthesized successfully by intro-ducing a two-step hydrothermal process.First,ZnO nanorods were prepared on Si substrate using Au layer to assist the growth;second,ZnO nanowires were synthesized on the sidewall of first grown ZnO nanorods with thermal decomposed ZnO nanoparticulars as seed layer.SEM and XRD have been applied for the characteriza-tion of the morphology and microstructures of ZnO nanostructures.It was found that ZnO nanorods grown on Au/Si substrate showed a typical wurtzite structure with a (103)preferred orientation,and the seed layer was crucial for the growth of branched ZnO nanostructures.The diameter of second grown ZnO nanowires decreased with decreasing the content of solution;and their lengths increased with the growth time.It was also proved that the branched ZnO nanostructures are biocompatible and can be used as cell scaffold.

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自适应果实振动收获是利用机器视觉技术识别果树的几何参数,从而分析其动力学特性并用来自动调整振动设备的参数,达到高效低损伤的作业目的。该文以自然生长的无叶山核桃树为研究对象,根据果实自适应振动收获方式的需要,研究了一种基于双轮廓同步跟踪提取果树枝干并利用双目视觉技术进行三维重建的方法。首先结合自适应阈值分割算法和轮廓跟踪技术提取果树枝干区域,细化后得到枝干骨架并用二叉树结构描述。然后根据极线约束和拓扑结构建立双视图中树枝的对应关系。考虑到果树树枝形状的连续性,在三维重建过程中引入了曲率约束,从而提高了重建的效果。最后利用植物学的营养管道输送模型,结合线性回归方法参数化树枝半径。试验结果显示,重建的三维果树枝干形态与真实果树在视觉上很接近,估计的半径与测量半径之间的相对误差小于9%。该研究可为果树动力学模型的创建提供树体的3D结构参数,从而为果实的自适应振动收获技术提供参考。
In order to develop adaptive equipment for the mechanical harvest of fruit, a 3D model of a fruit tree was required for analyzing its dynamic properties which can help in tuning vibratory parameters. A Chinese hickory tree without leaves was selected for this study. The objective of this paper was to extract trunks of a fruit tree from images for 3D reconstruction based on a stereo vision with two images. All tree branches in an image were divided into two parts, up-side branches and down-side branches respectively, according to their different background. The up-side branches can be easily segmented by an auto-threshold binarization algorithm. The down-side branches were extracted by simultaneous tracking of the two edges. The branch in image can be treated as a series of scanning beams defined by two end points with a certain width. The objective of the tracking process was to find an optimal path from the seed scanning beam to the root scanning. At each tracking step, nm candidate s

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Ceratocystis致病菌可感染树木枝干和根部的伤口部位,导致被感染部位枯萎,严重情况下可导致枝干或整株树木死亡。桉树和相思树是世界热带﹑亚热带地区的重要商品林树种,Ceratocystis枝干枯萎病给桉树和相思树的健康发展带来了一定的威胁,特别是在东南亚和非洲地区。最近,本文作者从广东湛江地区的桉树商品林里面分离并鉴定到两个Ceratocystis种,C.acaciivora和一个新描述的种C.chineucensis,致病力测试显示C.acaciivora对测试的桉树无性系具有较强的致病力,桉树不同无性系对C.acaciivora的抗性存在显著的差异。本文介绍了Ceratocystis的生物学特性、分类依据和方法,在世界范围内的分布和危害以及防控措施,以应对Ceratocystis病原对我国华南桉树和相思树商品林的危害。
Ceratocystis spp. includepathogens of a wide variety of trees. After infecting the wounded sites, some species of this genus have the ability to spread rapidly within the stem and causes subsequentwiltingof stems and roots. Ceratocystis stem wilt threatens eucalypts and acacias worldwide, especially in Southeast Asia and Africa. Recently, two species of the genus, C. acaciivora and a previously undescribed species C. chinaeucensis, were isolated and identified from Eucalyptus plantations in Guangdong Province in China. Pathogenicity tests indicated that C. acaciivora is pathogenic to the tested Eucalyptus clones, and the tolerance differences among Eucalyptus clones were observed. In this paper the biological characteristics, identification methods, species diversity, distribution and management of diseases caused by Ceratocystis spp. on trees of eucalypt and acacia is summarized. Future work aims to monitor Ceratocystisspecies before they emerge as significant pathogens in the future.

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流胶病是樱桃生产上常见的病害之一,主要危害树体枝干,导致树势衰弱,果实产量和品质下降。综述樱桃流胶病的危害、发病症状和发病规律、致病菌种类、侵染途径,探讨流胶病的防治措施。
10.3969/j.issn.2095-3704.2013.02.014

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树木骨架是树木可视化及建模的基础,目前的研究中多数利用三维网络模型或体素化模型,缺少直接在点云中提取骨架的研究;特别是在稀疏点云条件下,数据精度不高,树叶与枝干之间存在遮挡,骨架提取变得异常困难。为此,本文提出了一种提取算法,主要包括如下步骤:1通过模糊c-均值聚类,对离散点云进行分割;2通过B样条曲线拟合聚类团质心,形成枝干自由型结构;3利用法矢方向变化率阈值,确定树木节点的位置。将该方法分别应用到地面及机载LiDAR数据的树木骨架提取中,得到了较好的效果。
Tree skeleton is a basis about virtual trees and modeling.In the current study,most researchers use three dimensional network and subvoxel models,which is lack of the study on point cloud skeleton extraction directly.Especially with sparse point cloud,data accuracy is not high;there is a dense covering between leaves and branches,and it is very difficult for skeleton extraction.Therefore,this paper presented a kind of extraction algorithm,which mainly included the following steps:(1)the division of discrete point cloud based on fuzzy c-means clustering;(2)the centroids of clustering groups were fitted into free-form structures of branches by B-spline curves;(3)the position of branch nodes were detected by the threshold for direction varying ratio of normal vectors.Methods were applied to tree skeleton of ground and airborne LiDAR data,which demonstrated better performance.

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