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双语推荐：洪水

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人们在进行洪水频率计算时,人为地割裂了洪水过程。一般地,都是以每年的最大洪峰流量对应的洪水作为该年的洪水过程,因此会出现洪水过程遗漏现象。洪水频率结果为防洪工程的建立提供依据,而洪水场次的界定是洪水频率计算的基础。文中研究采用两种方式界定洪水场次,利用Gumbel-Logistic模型分别计算界定的洪水场次的频率结果,并与传统方式下获取的洪水场次的频率结果进行比较。结果表明:3种情形下的洪水频率结果存在较大的差异。其中,以P-III型分布得出6年重现期的洪峰流量为洪水场次选取的门限值获得的洪水场次,即利用本研究中的界定方式二,得到的最大洪峰流量对应的频率值偏低,依此设计防洪工程,相比采用另外两种洪水场次选取方式进行防洪工程的设计偏于安全。
Generally in calculating the flood frequency,the flood processes often have been separated.The definition of the flood process is the basis for the calculation of flood frequency,which provides evidence for the flood control works.The flood frequencies have been calculated by Gumbel-Logistic model for the different flood processes in this study.The research results showed the results of the flood frequencies existed great difference under the three conditions.We depicted the second method to define the peak flood threshold（Q= 3536.67m 3 / s）,which corresponding to six years of the return period by P-III type distribution.According to the second method,56 floods have been obtained.The lower frequency values of the method is more safety for design of flood control works.

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提出洪水峰型指标的界定原则,并从多角度提取反映洪水峰型的指标.采用人工鱼群优化的投影寻踪模型解析洪水峰型,结果说明:采用分类的研究思想,仅7项洪水峰型指标即可辨识出武江流域1955—2007年的53场洪水中,有单峰型洪水28场、双峰型洪水21场和三峰型洪水4场.利用辨析双峰型差异的4项指标,进一步识别21场双峰型洪水的峰型差异,得出Ⅰ型双峰型洪水11场,Ⅱ型双峰型洪水10场.
The method of selecting the index of flood peak type is explained in this paper .According to the 7 indi-cators, the flood peak types by Projection Pursuit based on Artificial Fish Swarm Algorithm are identified .In the Wujiang River Basin , the simple peak type , double peaks type and three peaks type is 28 floods, 21 floods and 4 floods, respectively.To further analysis the differences between the double peaks type , four indicators, which dif-ferentiated the double peaks type , were used to identified that 11 floods belong toⅠ-double-peaks type and the rest 10 floods belong to Ⅱ-double-peaks type .

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美国洪水保险制度实施46年来运行的总体特点是:洪水保险参与度逐步提高;35年来收支基本平衡,总体运行良好;重大洪水灾害损失大、赔付困难。近年来,受"卡特里娜"飓风和"桑迪"飓风等造成的重大洪水灾害影响,特大洪水保险赔付赤字巨大,迫使美国国会通过《2012年洪水保险改革法》,意欲使洪水保险费率反映全部洪水风险,但因老房子保险费率提高较大、地方政府和洪泛区居民的强烈反对而使改革受阻。虽然建立洪水保险制度是必要的也是可行的,但由于洪水保险是低费率且需政府担保的基础保障险,需要科学合理制定洪水保险费率并设立洪水保险储备基金。通过对美国洪水保险制度运行情况分析,对逐步建立和完善我国的洪水保险制度,增强我国防灾减灾能力提供借鉴。
During the past 46 years, the major characteristics of National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) in the USA are: increased flood insurance holders; flood insurance organizations financial y balanced; however, insurance premiums col ected were insufficient in covering payouts after major flooding events. The congress passed the Flood Insurance Reform Act of 2012 to cover a huge flood insurance payments deficit which affected by Hurricane Katrina and Hurricane Sandy. The intended purpose of the program was to ful y reflect flood risks using flood insurance premium rates, but it was aborted by local government and property owners at flood prone areas. On March 2014, President Obama signed the homeowner Flood Insurance Affordability Act of 2014 into law to offer less expensive insurance to homeowners. NFIP of the US is a useful reference for establishing flood insurance in China in order to reduce the overal costs to individuals hit by floods disaster.

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洪水风险图是标识区域洪涝成因、量级、特性、危及对象及应急对策等风险信息分布特征的一系列图的总称，当前已成为国内外城市防洪减灾工作中重要的非工程类措施之一。针对我国对洪水风险图的多元化需求，从不同服务目的出发对洪水风险图编制工作进行研究。提出了洪水风险图分层编制技术，将洪水风险图划分为实际洪水淹没图、洪水风险预测图和水灾风险评价信息等3个层次，并根据分层设计原则对编制不同类型洪水风险图所需的既往洪水信息、洪水风险预测信息、水灾风险评价信息做了详细论述。提出将洪涝仿真模拟技术应用于城市洪水风险图编制工作之中，针对洪水风险图的应用目的合理选定计算模型的初始条件、边界条件与运行控制方式等，经模拟计算获取编制洪水风险图所需的洪水风险信息。
Flood risk map is a generic term of a series of diagrams identifying distribution characteristics of risk information as causes,grades,features,objects endangered and emergency countermeasures etc.,and has become one of the important non-engineering measures on flood control and disaster mitigation for cities at home and abroad.In view of the diversified needs of flood risk map in China,drawing up of the map is studied from different service purpose.A multi-layer mapping method is proposed,and the flood risk map is divided into three layers in-cluding the actual flooded mapping,flood risk forecasting mapping and flood risk assessment information.The in-formation that are used for making flood hazard mapping,involving past inundation information,flood hazard fore-casting information and flood risk assessment information,are discussed according to the design principle of multi-layer flood mapping.Urban flood simulation model is used to make information for the flood hazard mapp

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对暴雨洪水特征、洪水等级及洪水预报进行了分析,对监视暴雨洪水,正确指挥防汛,提高对该地区暴雨洪水规律和形成机制的认识,具有十分重要的意义.
The heavy rains and flooding characteristics, the flood level and flood forecasting are analyzed, effectively moni-toring storm flood, flood control and command correctly, it plays an important role to improve the understanding of region flood rule and the formation mechanism.

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在不能高精度预测后续洪水的现状下，对历史暴雨洪水信息进行挖掘，对降低水库防洪调度风险具有现实意义。制定将历史洪水标准化的方法，并根据暴雨洪水形成机制和实时信息的易获取性，筛选出能反映洪水特征的指标体系，并基于灰色关联分析原理构建了相似洪水动态识别办法和相似洪水展延实时洪水预报过程的展延效果评价方法。池潭水库历史暴雨洪水模拟结果表明提出的洪水展延方法对后续来水估计的总有效率高，效果显著，该方法应用效果、适应性、稳定性均较好。
Under the current conditions that the subsequent flood cannot be predicted w ith high accuracy, the study on the histor-ical storm flood information is important as it may provide valuable information to reduce t he risk of reservoir flood control. In this paper, we developed a met hod to standardize the historical f lood and selected the index system to reflect the flood character-ist ics on t he basis of the formation mechanism of st orm f lood and available real-time information. Based on the gray correlation analysis theory, a dynamic identificat ion approach of similar flood and an evaluation method of the extending effects of real-time flood forecasting process of similar flood were developed. T he methods w ere applied to simulat e the storm flood in the Chitan reservoir, w hich show ed that the flood extending method has high efficiency to est imate the subsequent flood. Overall, the meth-od is applicable, adaptable, and stable.

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针对水库调度的洪水资源化效益评价问题，提出了洪水资源蓄积率、洪水资源蓄积提高率、洪水资源化利用效率、洪水资源利用率及洪水资源利用的两种效果模式等指标和概念，建立了一套基于水量的评价指标体系。安康水库“20050820”洪水的应用结果表明：在采用汛限水位动态控制模式时，洪水资源利用率从常规调度的66．4％提高到了70．9％，洪水资源利用提高率为4．5％，且超蓄的水资源最终以发电等方式得到完全利用，利用效率为100％。
For quantifying the benefit of floodwater resources utilization based on reservoir operation,a series of index and concepts were put for-ward to build an indication system. These indicators were the ratio of abandoning water,the improving rate of floodwater resources utilization,com-pleted utilization model and uncompleted utilization model for floodwater resources utilization etc. As a test,the indication system was applied to the benefits evaluation of August 20,2005 flood of Ankang Reservoir. The results show that the utilization rate of floodwater resource is 66. 4% for res-ervoir using conventional operation mode while it is 70. 9% for using dynamic control of the limit water level,by the operation mode of the latter, the improving rate of floodwater resources utilization is 4. 5% and the efficiency of resources utilization is 100% respectively,which means the flood water stored in August 20,2005 flood is completely used afterwards.

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运用频率分析方法,研究在实测系列中加入历史洪水及加入不同重现期的历史洪水对设计洪水的影响。通过对比分析可知,加入历史洪水可以起到展延系列,减少误差,提高成果精度与可靠性的作用;加入的历史洪水重现期越长,则设计洪水成果的稳定性越好。
By using frequency analysis method,the influence on design flood is researched on adding measured series of historical flood and adding different historical flood period.Study on the measured series through the contrast analysis shows that,adding the historical flood can play extending series, reduce the error,improve the accuracy and reliability of the result;historical flood added time is longer, the better the stability of design flood.

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为减少西江流域灾害性洪水给广西工农业生产及人民生命财产带来的损失,针对多年实测洪水资料,从洪水年内分布特性、洪水组成、干支流洪水遭遇等方面对广西境内西江流域洪水特性进行全面分析。分析成果表明,柳江洪水发生时间与干流基本相应,桂江洪水发生时间较早,郁江洪水发生时间晚于干流；柳江对形成干流洪水的贡献很大,郁江和桂江对干流大洪水的形成作用有限；柳江与红水河洪水遭遇可能性很大,年最大洪峰流量、7 d洪量、15 d洪量遭遇的概率分别为34.1%、47.7%和52.3%,且遭遇洪水的量级也较大,3 d洪量为50~100亿m3,7 d洪量为100~200亿m3。郁江与干流洪水遭遇概率较低,桂江洪水基本不与干流遭遇且遭遇洪水的量级很小,年最大洪峰流量、7 d洪量、15 d洪量遭遇的概率仅为4.5%、9.1%和15.9%。
In order to reduce the loss of Guangxi’s industry, agriculture and property caused by flood of the Xi Jiang River, the flood characteristics of the Xi Jiang River in Guangxi including annual dis-tribution characteristics, flood composition and branch/main stream floods encounter are fully ana-lyzed, based on the measured flood data spreading over several decades. The results show that the Liu Jiang River flood synchronizes with the mainstream flood in general, while the Gui Jiang River flood happens earlier and the Yu Jiang River flood happens later than the mainstream; that the Liu Jiang River contributes more to the forming of mainstream flood, while the Yu Jiang River and the Gui Jiang River have limited effect;that flood from the Liu Jiang River and the Hong He River have high probability to encounter, the actual encounter probabilities of the maximum, 7 d and 15 d flood volume, are 34. 1%,47. 7% and 53. 2%,respectively,and the magnitude of the encountered floods is larg

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基于大清河系内洪水与干旱并存、水资源紧缺的现状，转变治水理念，提出洪水资源化利用。针对河系洪水和防洪体系特点，通过对几次河系洪水的分析，探讨了河系洪水资源化利用的方向和途径。
On the basis of present situation of Daqinghe flood and drought in coexist and water resources shortage, change the concept of floods prevent by water control, the authors puts forward the utilization of flood resource. Through the flood analysis, discusses the way and direction of river flood resources utilization.

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