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双语推荐：热效应

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在全球气候变暖和高速城市化的大背景下,世界上许多城市都出现了高强度的城市热岛效应,城市热环境质量日趋恶化。分析和评价城市热岛效应已经成为当前城市气候与环境研究的重要内容之一,也是全球变化研究的重要方面。介绍了城市热岛效应的定义,接着说明了城市热岛效应的形成原因,进一步说明了城市热岛效应对人们及周围环境带来的影响,最后提出了改善城市热岛效应的措施。
Under the big background of global warming and high speed urbanization, high tensile urban heat island effect has been appearing in many cities in the world, the quality of urban thermal environment is deteriorating day by day. It has been one of the important contents of urban climate and environmental research to analyze and evaluate urban heat island effect, it is also an important aspect of global change research to analyze and evaluate the urban heat island effect. This article illustrates the definition of the urban heat island effect, it explains the reasons to come into being the urban heat island effect in the following, it makes further efforts to illustrate the influence on human health and ambient environment coming from the urban heat island effect, at last it presents the measures of improving the urban heat island effect.

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研究了许昌市春季热岛效应的日变化和空间分布规律，及乔木、灌木和草坪3种植被类型减缓热岛效应的能力.研究结果表明：许昌市的2月、3月、4月3个月份白天热岛效应变化呈“单峰”型；白天热岛效应表现为四月大于二月，二月高于三月，夜晚热岛效应表现为2月大于3月，3月大于4月.许昌市东郊、南郊、西郊和北郊的热岛效应变化也呈“单峰”型；白天热岛效应表现为南郊大于西郊，西郊大于北郊，北郊大于东郊；夜晚热岛效应表现为北郊高于南郊，南郊高于西郊，西郊高于东郊.3种植被类型中，乔木的降温效果最显著，灌木次之，草坪最弱.
The temporal and spatial distribution of heat island of Xuchang City in spring are discussed,as well the capability of alleviating heat island for three vegetation types,arbor species,shrub species and lawns species. The results show that the daily changes of February,March and April characterize an unimodal curve, and the daily heat island intensity indicates an order of April>February>March,in contrast,an order of February>March>April at night. The heat island daily changes of eastern suburbs, southern suburbs,western suburbs and northern suburbs also suggest an unimodal curve,and the daily island intensity indicates an order of southern suburbs>western suburbs>northern suburbs>eastern suburbs,contrast to the order of northern suburbs>southern suburbs>western suburbs>eastern suburbs at night. The capability of alleviating heat island suggests an order of arbor>shrub>lawn.

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以改进的KIVA-3V程序为计算平台,在转速为1,600,r/min,每循环喷油量为52.8,mg工况下,分别进行了EGR的热效应和稀释效应对柴油机燃烧和排放影响的数值模拟.结果表明,EGR的热效应对滞燃期影响较大,而稀释效应成为制约最高爆发压力和缸内温度的主要因素,且随着氧气体积分数的降低,热效应对最高爆发压力的影响增强;EGR导致碳烟排放增加是由于EGR的稀释效应,低温燃烧时碳烟排放的降低是EGR的稀释效应和热效应相互作用的结果;相比稀释效应,EGR的热效应是实现低温燃烧的主要因素,高进气热容更易改善NOx和碳烟排放的折衷关系.
This paper presents the numerical simulation of influences of thermal and dilution effects of EGR on diesel combustion and emissions based on modified KIVA-3V source code under the speed of 1 600,r/min and the fuel injec-tion quantity of 52.8,mg per cycle of a diesel engine. The results show that the thermal effect of EGR has greater influ-ence on ignition delay,while the influence of dilution effect on in-cylinder temperature and maximum cylinder pres-sure is larger. The increase in soot emissions by introducing EGR is due to the dilution effect of EGR. Under the condi-tion of low temperature combustion,the decrease in soot emissions is due to the combined interaction of thermal and dilution effects of EGR. Compared with the dilution effect of EGR,its thermal effect is a crucial factor in realizing low temperature combustion,and high intake heat capacity is easier to improve the tradeoff relationship between NOx and soot emissions.

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微波作为电磁波,除在化学反应中表现出热效应外,其本身的频率、功率、调制方式等特性对化学反应也应有影响.本文对该反应机理及其理论依据进行了探讨,提出了微波非热效应与热效应的对立统一关系.
The chemical reaction in the microwave reactor will be influenced by the factors such as the frequency, power and the adjusting manner of microwave. The mechanism and its theoretical basis have been discussed in this paper. There are the opposition and unification between the thermal efficiency and unthermal efficiency in the microwave chemical reaction.

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对重庆市内环区进行研究，以2002年和2007年两景ETM+/TM 影像为基础数据，反演提取归一化地表温度指数(NDSTI)及改进归一化建筑指数(NDBI)。研究结果较好地揭示了建设用地的NDBI与NDSTI、热岛效应等级的空间分布相关性规律；2002年重庆的内环城区强热岛效应显著，范围广；2007年随着城市化扩张，老城区强热岛效应降级消失，新城区强热岛效应凸显、升级；两江、湖泊和山体植被是冷岛区，对城市热岛效应起分隔、调节作用。
In this paper, NDSTI and improved NDBI were derived from TM/ETM+ images of Chongqing’ inner district in 2002 and 2007. The results can better reveal the correlation laws of spatial distribution among NDBI, NDSTI and the UHI effect level of construction land. There was signiifcantly stronger and wide range of UHI effect in the inner district of Chongqing in 2002.With the expansion of urbanization , strong UHI downgraded and disappeared in the old city, and appeared, strong upgraded in new city in 2007. Yangtze River, Jiangling River, lakes and mountain vegetation belongs to cold island area, playing in a role in separating and adjusting the UHI effect.

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开展羽流热效应计算模型精确评估是合理进行热控设计的前提和条件。文章采用数值求解N-S方程和基于工程经验的点源法相结合的方法得到羽流内外流场;而后采用理论经验公式对羽流热效应计算模型中的关键参数(壁面热适应系数)进行分析,并讨论它们的取值范围;最后利用MBB 10 N推力器的地面试验数据,对羽流热效应关键参数的取值范围进行了精确评估,使得羽流热效应计算误差减小到工程允许的范围内,确认了修正后计算模型的正确性和可信度。
The verification and the evaluation of the plume heating model are important for the reasonable thermal control design. In this paper, the numerical simulations through the N-S equation and the source flow method combined with the engineering empirical results are carried out to calculate the plume flow field. The critical parameter (the wall accommodation ratio) of the plume heating model is analyzed based on the theoretical formula. The experimental heat flux data of the MBB 10 N bipropellant thruster are used to analyze and improve the accuracy of the plume heating model. Based on the ergodic searching of the critical parameter of the plume heating model, the proper range of the wall accommodation ratio is discussed for engineering calculations and applications. By using the modified plume heating model, the accuracy and the reliability of the calculation results are improved and the plume heat evaluation error for engineering designs is in the tolerance range.

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指出了全球变暖和热岛效应对人类生活环境所带来的危害日趋严重，从城市规划这个源头采取措施缓解城市热岛显得尤为重要。山地城市热岛效应因地形因素与平原城市有较大差异，针对山地城市的特殊情况，对山地城市热岛产生的原因进行了分析。从城市空间结构、能源、绿地系统、道路交通等方面探讨了缓解山地城市热岛效应的规划措施，为山地城市设计和发展提供参考。
Nowadays ,it is a great challenge for the human society when the global warming and heat island effect become seriously .The heat island effect of the mountainous city is different from that of the plain city .Considering the special situation of the mountain city ,this article analyzes its reasons causing the heat island effect ,and discusses the planning measures for rerducing the heat island effect from the aspects of urban space structures ,energy usage , green system ,communication system and so on ,in order to provide references for the design and development of the mountain city .

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针对基于热效应减少绝缘子覆冰量防冰方法所需的热功率进行研究,对比分析平板和绝缘子两种试样在不同覆冰条件和不同热功率条件下的覆冰效果设计试验,提出了适用于冻雨条件下的热效应防冰所需的最低热功率。
Aiming at required thermal power for anti-icing which is to use heating effect to reduce ice cover,this paper stud-ies,compares and analyzes design testing for icing effects of two samples including plate and insulator under different icing conditions and thermal power conditions.It proposes required minimum thermal power for heating effect anti-icing suitable for freezing rain condition.

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热岛效应是城市气候最显著的特征之一。土地利用方式及土地覆盖的改变，如城市化和道路建设是导致热岛现象的重要原因之一。然而目前针对道路属性（道路密度及类型）对城市热岛效应的影响研究还较缺乏。本研究运用2012年成都市不同时次（冬夏季）的遥感数据及城市道路交通专题图，运用3S技术探讨道路密度对城市热岛效应的影响以及不同类型道路对城市热岛效应的热贡献。研究表明：（1）成都市热岛效应明显，市区地表平均温度显著高于郊区且热岛强度呈现夏强（3~4℃）冬弱（2.5~3℃）、夜强昼弱的特征。日间城市热岛效应呈现多热中心的分布模式，但冬夏季热岛中心位置不同。夏季日间热中心位于城市的西南部和中东北部，最高可达32.66℃，而冬季日间城市的西南部地表温度较高且热中心主要分布于城市边界地区，地表温度超过16℃。无论冬夏，夜间城市热岛效应均呈现环状分布特征，即从城市边缘到中心，地表温度逐渐升高，夏季城乡地表温差高达4.37℃而冬季达到2.82℃。（2）成都市区道路呈现“圈层型＋辐射型”分布模式，道路密度与道路的分布有关，城市南部及西南部的道路密度高于北部区域。（3）无论冬夏，道路密度与地表温度正相关，但两者相关性呈现昼弱夜强的特征，其
The heat island effect is often one of the most evident characteristics of urban climates. Land use/cover changes such as urbanization and road building, are some of the most important factors that induce heat islands. Road properties, including road density and road type, may determine the magnitude of urban heat islands, but such effects have not previously been explored. In this study, we evaluated the effect of road density and the contribution of different road types on urban heat islands using multi-time (winter and summer) Modis data and city transportation maps with 3S technology. The results showed that: (1) The urban heat island effect in Chengdu was very apparent and of high intensity in summer (3~4℃) but weak in winter (2.5~3℃). During daytime, there was a polycentric pattern of heat island, and the central of heat island varied between summer and winter. In summer, the areas with the highest land surface temperature (32.66℃) was in the southwest and the centra

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目的观察典型寒热中药黄连、制附子对大肠杆菌生长代谢作用的影响,探讨微量量热法用于中药寒热差异及量化研究的可行性。方法采用微量量热技术,测定大肠杆菌在不同浓度寒热中药水煎液干预下的生长热谱曲线,分析其热力学参数。结果黄连、制附子均可影响大肠杆菌产热效应,其效应影响与药物浓度具有正相关关系;黄连组的热焓值明显低于对照组,制附子组的热焓值明显高于对照组。结论微量量热技术是从生物体生命周期及能量代谢角度,观察中药寒热效应差异的客观化手段之一。
Objective To investigate the effect of berberis,aconite tuber,on the growth and metabolism of E. coli and to explore the feasibility of applying microcalorimetry to quantitative researches on the differences between coldness and heatiness of herbal medicine. Methods Microcalorimetric techniques were applied to evaluate thermal spectral profiling on the growth of E. coli at different concentrations of water decoctionand analyze the thermodynamic parameters. Results This Chinese Medicines both significantly influenced the thermogenic effects of E. coli. A positive correlation is found between the concentration of the drug and thermogenic effects. compared with the control group,the enthalpy value of the berberis group was significantly reduced. Meanwhile the enthalpy value of the aconite tuber group was significantly higher than control group. The inhibiting effect to the E. coli showed a significant increase in aconite tuber group and a trend toward lower inhibiting effect in berberis g

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