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双语推荐:物理主义

从“原子”一词的起源开始,以人类科学技术发展过程的时间顺序,论证唯物主义的物质观及在人类发展过程中如何递升为物理主义的演变过程。本文阐述了当代物理主义的内涵及特征,结合工科硕士研究生的工程教育,剖析物理主义及工程哲学思想在研究生教学中的重要地位。
Starting from the origin of the word "atoms", this paper demonstrates the materialist view of the material and the evolution from material to physicalism in the process of human development by the time sequence of the development process of science and technology. This paper expounds the connotation and characteristics of contemporary physicalism. Compared with the engineering education of engineering postgraduate students, it analyzes the important positions of physicalism and engineering philosophical thought in the postgraduate education.

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克里普克的形而上学模态性(即可能性与必然性)概念是当代分析哲学中最重要的概念之一,也是分析哲学中的许多形而上学思辨的基础.这些形而上学思辨常常设置一些不属于这个物质世界的实体,比如仅仅是可能的实体、抽象实体、不由物质实现的心灵实体或属性等,它们似乎与自然主义物理主义(即唯物主义)相矛盾.在自然主义框架下,可以对克里普克模态性提出一种解释,作为自然主义者对这些形而上学思辨的回应.这将证明,自然主义可以容纳克里普克的形而上学模态性.特别地,这将说明,自然主义能够帮助澄清围绕克里普克的后天必然命题与先天偶然命题的谜团.
The Kripkean metaphysical modality (i.e. possibility and necessity) is one of the most important concepts in contemporary analytic philosophy and is the basis of many metaphysical speculations. These metaphysical speculations frequently commit to entities that do not belong to this physical universe, such as merely possible entities, abstract entities, mental entities or qualities not realizable by the physical, which seems to contradict naturalism or physicalism. This paper proposes a naturalistic interpretation of the Kripkean modality, as a naturalist''s response to these metaphysical speculations. It will show that naturalism can accommodate the Kripkean metaphysical modality. In particular, it will show that naturalism can help to resolve the puzzles surrounding Kripke''s a posteriori necessary propositions and a priori contingent propositions.

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现代科学给哲学提供的最重要成就是提供了一种层次的世界观,对世界层次结构的分析对形而上学和哲学具有明显的意义.夏法尔的论文"是否存在一个基础层次?"系统地讨论了基础主义在这方面的工作及其面临的问题,在缺乏论证的情况下最后指出了一条非还原主义的出路:我们可以把每一个层次都看作是同等的,承认它们都具有"存在共和国中的完全公民权".本文将为此提供一个论证:将亚里士多德的形式理论应用于世界层次结构的分析,发展出一种形式实在论,并以此来论证一种本体论的非还原主义以反对原子主义物理主义;提出一种因果理论以反对副现象论;提出认识论的非还原主义以反对观念原子主义和认识论的还原主义.
Scientific progress in the 20th century has shown that the structure of the world is hierarchical. A philosophical analysis of the hierarchy will bear obvious significance for metaphysics and philosophy in general. Jonathan Schaffer''s paper, "Is There a Fundamental Level?", provides a systematic review of the works in the field, the difficulties for various versions of fundamentalism, and the prospect for the third option, i.e., to treat each level as ontologically equal. The purpose of this paper is to provide an argument for the third option. The author will apply Aristotle''s theory of matter and form to the discussion of the hierarchy and develop a theory of form realism, whichwill grant every level with "full citizenship in the republic of being." It constitutes an argument against ontological and epistemological reductionism. A non-reductive theory of causation is also developed against the fundamental theory of causation.

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乔伊斯文学创作受到了现代哲学家柏格森思想的影响。在柏格森时间观的影响之下,乔伊斯在他的四部文学作品当中,一方面保留了小说整体物理时间框架,一方面不断打破时间顺序,按照"心理时间"来建构他的一系列意识流小说,使其作品具有鲜明的现代主义特征。
Joyce’s literature was influenced by Bergson,a modern philosopher.Affected by Bergson’s con-cept of time,Joyce retains the overall physical time frame of his novel on the one hand,and continues to break the chronological order on the other hand in his four literary works,constructing a series of novels of conscious stream in accordance with the "psychological time".Therefore,his works have a distinct characteristic of modernism.

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爱默生反对传统宗教的形式与教条,强调宗教的本质是人的灵魂与道德情感。他对传统宗教的改造确立了人在宇宙中的至尊地位,对美国宗教世俗化影响深远。究其反叛的缘由,除了受到康德的形而上学、雅克比的神秘主义、施莱尔马赫的超验主义等的影响外,自然科学也扮演了不可忽视的角色。他对物理、化学、生物、天文等自然科学有着广泛的热情,并将之用于探索人类心灵的模式,摒弃科学与宗教二元对立的偏见,在将二者有机整合起来作了引领时代的论述。
Emerson rebels against the creeds an d formality of historic Christianity and points out the essence of religion is soul and moral sentiment. His redefinition of religion ensures the supremacy of human beings in the universe and exerts far-reaching influence upon the American secularization. Emerson’s religious thoughts are indebted to Kant’s metaphysics, Jacobian mysticism and Schleiermacher’s transcendentalism. Besides, Emerson’s keenness for science such as physics, chemistry, biology and astronomy plays an essential role in his rebellion and reform of religion.

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迈尔讨论了生物学自主性的确切内涵,提出生物学是独立于物理学的学科。生物学自主性的渊源是机械论与活力论之间的冲突和争论。通过批评物理主义的本质论、还原论和决定论等错误,迈尔确立了生物学自主论,主张要扩大科学统一的基础。迈尔思想的精神实质是生物学整体论。
Mayr had discussed the exact meaning the autonomy of biology and held that biology is independent of physics. Mayr criticized many errors such as naturalism、reductionism and determinism of the physicalism and tried to establish autonomy of biology, and proposed to expand the scientific basis for scientific unity. Biological autonomy origins from the conflict of the mechanical theory and dynamic theory .The spiritual essence of Mayr’s thought is the whole-organism biology.

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物理主义二维视野把信息归结为物质能量在时空中的不均衡分布状况并不能充分说明生命与心灵的本质与生成。在新的世界观中,信息作为独立自由度,与独立变量物质、能量共同构成三维世界。信息在第三维上超越着物理学,物质维、能量维又承载着物理学,信息论和物理学在三维世界得到统一。三维世界观破解了宇宙进化和心灵、生命的奥秘。马克思主义哲学的三维解读,使得信息成为本体论、方法论、历史观和发展观的核心要素。三维世界观不断打破不同哲学体系的壁垒,构建其相互连接的开放体系。
The two-dimensional view of physicalism regards information as uneven distribution of mat-ter and energy in space and time and this view can not fully explain the nature and creation of life and mind .In the new world view ,the information as an independent freedom with the independent varia-bles of matter and energy constitutes a three-dimensional world .In the third dimension ,information transcends physical existence and information dimension ,matter dimension and energy dimension are unified in the three-dimensional world .The three-dimensional world view can explain the evolution of universe and the mystery of mind and life .The three-dimensional interpretation of Marxist philosophy makes information become a core element of ontology ,methodology and conceptions of history and de-velopment .The three-dimensional world view breaks the barriers of different philosophical systems and is building its interconnected open system .

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知识分子的独立和入世精神保证了非常时期的周作人有意的自我调适及疗救,展开他一直信奉的“伟大的捕风”的“启蒙运动”。事变后,周作人选择“留平”而非南行,很大程度上是他人生主义的儒家思想的结果。在“药草堂随笔”中,周作人借“人情物理”来释放他因对于旧思想、旧道德的“震惊”而产生的紧张感和压力感。“药草堂随笔”记录传说中的人与事,含了保存与维护的悉心,替破坏中的国家敛聚精气。在周作人看来,传统或传说的资料或是民族复兴的根基。
We can understand from the angle of intellectual’s independence that Zhou intends to be self-adapted during the wartime in order to go on with his critical movement.After 1937,the reason why Zhou chooses to stay at Peking rather than to go southward is mainly his Confucius ideas.Accord-ing to common sense Zhou releases his stresses of shock on traditional moral to harmonize with reality. Zhou records people’s anecdotes to reserve spirits of homeland.The soft tone with common sense has arranged the basic atmosphere of whole book,which signifies that tradition is the foundation of nation-al rebirth.

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