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双语推荐：癌基因

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有氧糖酵解(Warburg效应)是肿瘤细胞的重要特征,它是癌基因和抑癌基因共同作用的结果.microRNA (miRNA)能够在转录后水平参与这些癌基因和抑癌基因的表达来调控肿瘤糖代谢方式的转变.对miRNA调控糖代谢机制的深入研究能够提供新的肿瘤治疗策略.
Aerobic glycolysis,which is also termed as Warburg effect,is one of the most common and profound biochemical phenotypes of tumor ceils.Several oncogenes and tumor suppressors genes have been implicated in aerobic glycolysis.MicroRNAs can control this metabolic switch by regulating oncogenes and tumor suppressors genes in a post-transcriptional way.A deeper understanding of the mechanisms and pathways by which miRNAs regulate the aerobic glycolysis will hopefully lead to a new therapeutic strategy for malignant cancer.

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鼻咽癌的发生是一个多基因参与、多步骤的复杂过程,其中抑癌基因失活和癌基因活化是其发生的重要机制.与鼻咽癌相关的癌基因有Bcl-2、肝细胞生长因子(HGF)、环氧合酶-2(COX-2)、潜伏膜蛋白1(LMP-1),抑癌基因有p53、p16、Nm23-H1、PTEN.随着基因研究的深入,除上述基因外,鼻咽癌还与PECAM-1、MMP-9、RECK等基因相关.这些基因在鼻咽癌的发生、发展过程中有重要作用并可能成为鼻咽癌治疗的新靶点.
The occurrence of nasopharyngeal carcinoma is a multi-gene,multi-step process.Among them,oncogene activation and antioncogene inactivation is the important mechanism.The related oncogenes of nasopharyngeal carcinoma contain Bcl-2,hepatocyte growth factor (HGF),cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and latent membrane protein-1 (LMP-1).The related antioncogenes of nasopharyngeal carcinoma contain p53,p16,Nm23-H1 and PTEN.With the deepening research on genes,studies also find that nasopharyngeal carcinoma is related to PECAM-1,MMP-9 and RECK.These genes play important roles in the occurrence and development of nasopharyngeal carcinoma,which may become new targets for the treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

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目的探讨livin和PTEN基因在喉鳞状细胞癌组织和癌旁正常组织中的表达及其相关性。方法应用免疫组化Elvsion法,检测62例喉癌组织和18例癌旁喉组织(癌旁1.0~2.0 cm正常喉组织)中livin和PTEN蛋白的表达情况。结果 livin基因在癌组织中呈高表达(72.58%),在癌旁组织中不表达或呈低表达。PTEN则反之,在癌旁组织中表达率为59.70%。结论 livin基因表达或PTEN基因缺失表达,在喉鳞状细胞癌的发生发展中起重要作用。
Objective To investigate expression of livin and PTEN gene in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma ( LSCC) and normal tissues ,and their correlation .Methods The expressions of livin and PTEN in 62 cases of tumor tissues and 18 cases of normal para-carcinoma laryngeal tissues were examined by Elvsion immunohistochemistry .Results The positive expression rate of livin gene in tumor tissues was 72.58% and had negative or lower expression in normal tissues .The expression rate of PTEN in normal tissues was 59.70%.Conclusion The positive expression of livin and the negative expression of PTEN is im-portant during the genesis and development of LSCC .

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目的研究PTEN、p21基因在哈萨克族食管癌中的表达。方法采用RT—PCR法检测PTEN、p21基因在48例哈萨克族食管癌组织及远端无癌组织中的表达，并分析其表达与肿瘤分化、TNM分期、临床分期、淋巴结转移的关系。结果PTEN基因在癌组织和远端无癌组织中的表达阳性率分别为75％、45．8％，癌组织高于远端无癌组织（x^2=8．537，P〈0．05）；p21基因在癌组织和远端无癌组织中表达的阳性率分别为95．8％、97．9％，差异无统计学意义（r=O．344，P〉0．05）。PTEN和p21表达与食管癌分化程度、不同浸润深度及有无淋巴结转移均无相关性。结论PTEN、021基因可能均不是哈萨克族食管癌的主要致病基因。
Objective To investigate the expressions of PTEN and p21 genes in Hazak patients with esophageal can-cer. Methods The expressions of PTEN and p21 genes were detected by RT-PCR in 48 samples (cancer tissues and nor-mal tissues) of patients with esophageal cancer. The relationship between the expressions of PTEN and p21 genes, tumor dif-ferentiation, TNM stage, clinical phase and lymph node metastasis were analyzed. Results The positive rates of PTEN gene were 75%and 45.8%in cancer and distant normal tissues. The expression of PTEN was significantly higher in cancer tis-sues than that of distant normal tissues (χ2=8.537,P 0.05). There was no correlation be-tween expressions of PTEN and p21and the tumor differentiation, the depth of invasion and lymph node metastasis in esopha-geal cancer. Conclusion PTEN and p21 genes are not the primary genes for the carcinogenesis of esophageal cancer in Hazak.

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目的研究浸润性乳腺导管癌及癌旁组织中Bmi-1基因表达水平及差异,及其与浸润性乳腺导管癌临床病理特征的关系。方法应用实时荧光定量PCR检测82例浸润性乳腺导管癌患者手术切除癌组织及相应癌旁组织中的Bmi-1mRNA,比较两者间表达的差异;研究基因表达水平与年龄、肿瘤大小、TNM分期、组织分化程度、淋巴结转移等临床病理特征的关系和相关性。结果 Bmi-1mRNA在浸润性乳腺导管癌及癌旁组织中均可检出,癌组织中的基因表达水平显著高于癌旁组织(P=0.001)。Bmi-1基因表达水平与年龄无关,与肿瘤大小、肿瘤组织分化程度、有无淋巴结转移相关。结论 Bmi-1基因的高表达与浸润性乳腺导管癌的侵袭和发展相关,其检测结果可作为浸润性乳腺导管癌早期诊断及预后的分子水平参考指标。
Objective To investigate the Bmi-1 gene expression level and difference in breast infiltrating ductal carcinoma and pericarcinomatous tissue and its relation with the clinicopathological characteristics of breast infiltrating ductal carcinoma .Methods The tissue specimens were obtained from the resected carcinoma tissue and corresponding pericarcinomatous tissues in 82 patients with breast infiltrating ductal carcinoma and Bmi-1 mRNA was detected by using the real-time quantitative reverse transcriptional PCR (qRT-PCR) .The expression differences between them were compared ;the relation and the correlation between the gene ex-pression with the clinicopathological characteristics of the age ,tumor size ,TNM staging ,histodifferentiation degree and lymphatic metstasis were studied .Results Bmi-1 mRNA could be detected in breast infiltrating ductal carcinoma and pericarcinomatous tis-sue ,and the gene expression level in the carcinoma tissue was significantly higher than that in the peric

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目的 检测食管鳞癌组织中人表皮生长因子受体2(HER2)/neu基因扩增和蛋白表达,并探讨其与食管鳞癌临床病理特征的关系.方法 采用荧光原位杂交(FISH)和免疫组织化学(IHC)方法检测120例食管鳞癌组织中HER2/neu基因扩增及蛋白表达水平.结果 FISH结果示食管鳞癌组织中HER2/neu基因扩增率为4.17％ (5/120),IHC示HER2蛋白过表达(+++)率为3.33％ (4/120),基因扩增与蛋白表达明显相关(P＜0.01);HER2/neu基因扩增和蛋白过表达与食管鳞癌患者的临床病理特征均无相关(P＞0.05).结论 食管鳞癌组织HER2/neu基因扩增及蛋白表达率均较低,其在食管鳞癌中的意义有待进一步的研究.
Objective To investigate human epidermalgrowth factor receptor-2 (HER2)/neu gene amplification and protein expression in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and to explore their clinicopathological correlations.Methods The HER2/neu gene status and protein expression in 120 cases of ESCC were evaluated by using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and immunohistochemistry (IHC).Results HER2/neu gene amplification and HER2 protein overexpression (+++) were found in 5 (4.17％) and 4 (3.33％) cases of ESCC respectively.HER2 overexpression was associated significantly with HER2/neu gene amplification.There was no correlation between the HER2/neu gene amplification or overexpression of HER2 protein and the ESCC patients'' clinicopathological features.Conclusion The HER2/neu gene amplification rate and its protein overexpression rate in ESCC were low,and the role HER2/neu gene plays in ESCC still need further studies.

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目的 观察喉鳞状细胞癌中K-ras基因启动子甲基化及其蛋白的表达.方法 应用甲基化特异性聚合酶链反应(MSP)检测55例喉鳞状细胞癌及其癌旁组织中K-ras基因启动子甲基化状态,并采用Western blot法检测K-ras蛋白的表达.结果 55例喉鳞状细胞癌组织中24例(43.6％) K-ras基因低甲基化,而癌旁组织中仅8例(14.5％)为低甲基化;喉鳞状细胞癌组织中K-ras基因启动子甲基化水平明显低于癌旁组织(P＜0.05);喉鳞状细胞癌组织K-ras基因低甲基化与年龄、性别及淋巴结转移等临床病理特征无明显相关(P＞0.05);而与分化程度及临床分期间明显相关(P＜0.05).此外,喉鳞状细胞癌组织中K-ras蛋白表达水平明显高于癌旁组织.结论 K-ras基因启动子低甲基化可能对喉鳞状细胞癌的发生发展具有重要作用,并可能是喉鳞状细胞癌中K-ras蛋白高表达的原因之一.
Objective To investigate the methylation status of K-ras gene promoter and its protein expression in patients with larynx squamous cell carcinoma.Methods The methylation status of K-ras gene promoter in tumor and matched tissue from 55 patients with larynx squamous cell carcinoma was detected by methylation specific polymerease chain reaction (MSP) technique.The relationship between the methylation status of K-ras and the clinicopathological features in patients with larynx squamous cell carcinoma was also analyzed.Furthermore,the protein expression of K-ras was detected by immunoblotting.Results Hypomethylation of K-ras gene promoter was found in 43.6％ (24/55) of the all tumor tissue samples.However,hypomethylation was only found in 8 (14.5％) of 55 matched adjacent non-tumor samples,which was significantly lower than that in tumor tissue samples (P ＜ 0.05).Meanwhile,hypomethylation of K-ras was not obviously related to sex,age,or lymph node metastasis status (P ＞ 0.05).H

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目的：探讨人食管鳞状细胞癌（食管鳞癌）MAL基因启动子区的甲基化状态。方法：利用亚硫酸氢盐测序法检测人食管鳞癌细胞系EC9706中MAL基因启动子区CpG位点甲基化的发生情况。根据测序结果选用甲基化敏感性限制性内切酶酶切结合PCR技术进一步检测26例食管鳞癌组织及配对癌旁正常组织MAL基因启动子区的甲基化情况。结果：EC9706细胞中MAL基因启动子区检测出42个胞嘧啶位点的甲基化,占所有CpG位点的73.7%（42/57）。食管鳞癌组织中MAL基因的甲基化率为53.8%（14/26）,远远高于配对癌旁正常组织的7.7%（2/26）（χ2=10.924,P〈0.001）。不同临床病理特征食管鳞癌组织中MAL基因启动子区甲基化率差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论：MAL基因启动子区的甲基化可能是食管鳞癌发生的机制之一。
Aim:To explore methylation status of MAL gene promoter region in human esophageal cancer .Methods:Bisulfite-sequencing was used to detect the methylation pattern of MAL gene promoter region in esophageal cancer cell line EC9706 .Then the methylation pattern of MAL gene promoter region in esophageal cancer and matched para -cancerous tissue was further detected by methylation sensitive restriction endonuclease which was selected according to the sequencing results and PCR.Results:A total of 42 cytosine locuses were detected methylated in MAL gene promoter region in EC 9706,ac-counting for 73.7%(42/57) of all CpG locuses.Methylation incidence of MAL gene in esophageal cancer was 53.8%(14/26),much higher than 7.7%(2/26) in matched para-cancerous tissue (χ2 =10.924,P 0.05).Conclusion:The methylation of MAL gene promoter region may be one of the possible mechanisms of the occur-rence of esophageal cancer .

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目的探讨肾癌组织中Survivin、c-myc基因的表达及临床意义。方法采用逆转录-聚合酶连反应(RT-PCR)、免疫印迹法检测34例肾癌标本中Survivin、c-myc的表达,分析这2个基因与临床病理特征的关系。结果肾癌组织中Survivin、c-myc基因的表达水平明显高于癌旁正常组织(P0.01)。Survivin基因的表达与临床分期、淋巴结转移有关(P0.05),c-myc基因的表达与分化程度有关(P0.05)。Survivin、c-myc之间的表达呈正相关(r=0.446,P0.01)。结论肾癌组织中Survivin、c-myc基因表达上调,可能参与了肾癌的发生、发展。
Objective To study the expressions of Survivin and c-myc in renal cell carcinoma tissue and their clinical significance.Methods By reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)and Western-blot,the expressions of Survivin and c-myc were determined in 34 renal cell carcinoma specimens.The relationship of the 2 genes and clinical pathological characteristics were analyzed.Results The expressions of Survivin and c-myc in renal cell carcinoma tissue were higher than those in normal tissues with statistical significance (P <0.01).The expression of Survivin was significantly related to the clinical stage and lymphonode metastasis(P <0.05).The expression of c-myc was significantly related to the degrees of pathological differentiation (P <0.05).The expression of Survivin in renal cell carcinoma tissue was positively related to the expression of c-myc (r =0.446,P <0.01 ).Conclusions The overexpression of Survivin and c-myc could have important roles in the carcinogenesis and developm

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采用苏木精-伊红染色法（hematoxylin-eosin staining）和实时荧光定量PCR（real-time PCR,RTPCR）法,研究灵芝（Ganoderma lucidum）粗多糖对二乙基亚硝胺（diethylnitrosamine,DEN）诱导的小鼠肝脏组织形态以及原癌基因H-ras和myc和抑癌基因P53、Rb1mRNA的影响,结果表明：灵芝粗多糖对DEN引起的小鼠肝脏损伤具有缓解作用,并可以抑制原癌基因的表达、提高抑癌基因的表达。
Sixty healthy,four week-old,mice were randomly divided into six groups (female∶male=1∶1 )as follows;normal control,diethylnitrosamine (DEN)model group,Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide (GP) group,and low (DEN + 50 mg/kg·d),median (DEN+100 mg/kg·d)and high (DEN+200 mg/kg·d)GP dose groups.After 45 days,liver tissue morphology was observed using hematoxylin-eosin staining,and proto-oncogene (ras and H-myc)and tumor suppressor gene (p53 and Rb1)mRNA expression levels were determined using fluorescent quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR ). Our data demonstrated that GP had the protective function on liver cells of DEN-treated mice,and inhibited to a limited extent the occurrence or development of cancer by regulating the expression of proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes.

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