提高农地利用集约水平与控制农地利用碳排放量容易陷入两难选择的困境,理想的碳排放效率可以寻找到以碳排放作为成本,适度的农地利用集约水平。该文构建农地集约利用度计算模型与农地集约利用投入产出指标,计算中国31个省份的农地集约利用度;基于松弛测度(slacks-based measure,SBM)模型,构建SBM模型投入产出指标,计算各省份的农地集约利用碳排放总效率、技术效率与规模效率。研究结果表明:农地集约利用程度高低与农地集约利用碳排放总效率高低并不保持普遍一致;农地集约利用碳排放总效率有效省份集中分布在西部地区,农地集约利用度较高的长三角、珠三角、京津冀地区主要省份的农地集约利用碳排放总效率普遍较低;区域农地集约利用碳排放技术效率不足是导致总效率偏低的主要原因,而规模效率不足对总效率影响较小。因此针对总效率无效省份,给出调整投入冗余量、期望产出不足量与非期望产出冗余量的低碳优化方案,并构建结合了东、中、西部地区区域农地利用与经济发展特点的低碳优化策略,以期最终可以改善农地集约利用碳排放效率。

There is a dilemma between raising the intensive use level of agricultural land and controlling carbon emissions from agricultural land use. Carbon emissions from agricultural land use can be considered as a cost, and the suitable intensive use level of agricultural land should acquire a good efficiency of carbon emissions from agricultural land use. First, an assessment model for evaluating agricultural land use intensity was established in this article, and the input-output indices of agricultural land intensive use were selected. The input-output indices of agricultural land intensive use were composed of labor input per unit of agricultural land, capital input per unit of agricultural land, technique input per unit of agricultural land, value-added of agriculture per unit of agricultural land, grain products per unit of agricultural land, income from household business per unit of agricultural land, and ammonia-nitrogen emission from agriculture per unit of agricultural land. Secon

煤炭行业作为产业链的上游产业,其价格变化将对下游其他行业构成影响,测度煤炭价格变化对其他行业的影响对于我国产业结构优化及煤炭市场化改革具有积极的指导意义。基于我国2007投入产出表,运用投入产出分析,构建了投入产出价格模型。实证表明,煤炭价格影响较大的行业主要为我国第二产业中的重化工业,且敏感度较大,而对于我国的第一和第三产业影响较小。我国可以通过适度提高煤炭价格有效抑制高耗能产业的盲目扩张,从而促进产业结构调整优化,抑制碳排放的扩大。

Coal industry in China as the upstream industry, its price change will affect downstream of other industry, measure out coal price change on the other sectors of the effect size, for the optimization of our industrial structure and coal market reform has a positive guiding significance. In this paper, based on the 2007 input output table, using the input - output analysis, the paper constructs input - output price model. The empirical results show, the coal price influence industry mainly for the second industry in China'' s heavy industry, and the sensitivity is larger, and for our first and the tertiary industry influence. Our country can pass modest increases in coal prices, to effectively curb the high energy consumption industry is blind expansion, thus promoting the adjustment and optimization of industrial structure, restrain carbon emissions further expansion.

利用改进的环境投入产出模型,对1998-2007年我国对外贸易中的碳排放成本进行定量核算。研究表明,我国进出口贸易引起大量的隐含碳排放,特别是我国加入世贸组织之后,隐含碳排放量大幅度增加,贸易碳成本急剧增加。对2002年和2007年的21个部门的贸易净出口隐含碳分析,可知通信设备、计算机及其他电子设备制造业,工艺品及其他制造业,化学工业等部门是造成我国隐含碳顺差的主要部门。针对我国贸易碳成本问题,应从能源结构及贸易结构两个层面制定相关节能减排的政策。

Using the improved environment input-output model, the author calculates the quantity of the cost of carbon emissions in foreign trade of China from 1998 to 2007. The result shows that China’s foreign trade caused a large amount of embodied carbon emission with great increase especially after the accession to the WTO, which brings about the rapid increase of the carbon cost in foreign trade. Analyses on the embodied carbon of net export in 21 departments from 2002 to 2007 indicate that communication equipment, computer and other electronic equipment manufacturing, arts and crafts and other manufacturing, and chemical industry are the main sectors of the carbon surplus. Therefore, the policy of energy conservation and emission reduction should be drafted considering both the energy structure and trade structure to reduce the carbon cost in foreign trade.

首先界定了边际碳生产力内涵,以该指标表示经济增长与CO2排放协调发展状况;然后利用投资消耗系数矩阵实现各产业部门固定资产投资与固定资本形成额的相互转化,并将转化关系与里昂惕夫静态投入产出模型相结合,从而确定产业投资变动与边际碳生产力的作用关系与机理;最后利用2007年中国投入产出数据,实证研究了各产业部门投资增加1亿元所产生的边际碳生产力。研究发现：不考虑能源消费结构变动时,其他制造业投资所产生的边际碳生产力最大,批发零售贸易和住宿餐饮业投资所产生的边际碳生产力最小;能源消费结构变动后,其他制造业投资产生的边际碳生产力最大,食品制造业投资产生的边际碳生产力最小;各能源得到充分利用和能够相互转化条件下,焦炭使用数量的增加更有助于提高碳生产力。

Firstly , marginal productivity of carbon is defined , and with this indicator to indicate coordinated development of economic grow th and CO2 emissions ,and then use of investment consumption coefficient matrix to implements various sectors of fixed asset investment and the amount of fixed capital formation into each other ,and combined this transformation relationship with Leontief static input-output model to determine effect relationships and mechanisms of industrial investment changes and marginal carbon productivity .Finally ,using of the 2007 input-output table to do some empirical study on marginal carbon productivity generated 100 million yuan investment of each industrial sectors .It concludes that if do not consider the energy consumption structure changes ,other manufacturing investment generated the largest marginal carbon productivity ,and investment of w holesale and retail trade and accommodation and catering industry generated the smallest marginal carbon productivity

能源和水资源已经成为制约我国经济社会可持续发展的主要瓶颈,因此节能减排和水资源优化管理对我国经济可持续发展具有重要的意义.在国家制订的宏观能源政策中,没有考虑对于水资源的影响,而有关水资源的政策中也没有考虑到对能源消耗以及GHG排放的影响,缺乏二者之间相互影响的定量分析.本文从中国能源-水的关系入手,基于投入产出表构建评价模型,建立能源部门和水供应部门的关联系数,分析工业节能政策对于节水的效果,对选定的重点部门如黑色金属行业、石化行业、建材行业、有色金属行业和轻工重点行业,测算“十一五”期间以上部门实现节能而带来的节水效益,揭示节能与节水之间的内在联系.

Energy and water have become key factors limiting sustainable development in China.Energy efficiency and the optimization of water management are critical for the healthy growth of the Chinese economy; however,current national energy policies fail to adequately address accompanied water use effects.Similarly,available water policies do not consider the associated impact on energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions.Consequently,few studies have investigated cooperative effects between energy policies and water use.Here,we analyzed the energy-water nexus in Chinese industries based on input-output modeling.The coefficients between energy consumption and water use were established for describing the supplyconsumption relationship; then,water-saving effects accompanying the enforcement of energysaving policies in selected industrial sectors during the eleventh Five-year Plan period were calculated,including ferrous metals,non-ferrous metals,petrochemical engineering,buildin