脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON),又称呕吐毒素,是由小麦赤霉病菌禾谷镰刀菌复合群(Fusariumgraminearum species complex)产生的单端孢霉烯族毒素,毒素在小麦籽粒中累积。作为B型单端孢霉烯族毒素,DON可以引起呕吐、拒食、腹泻、出血甚至死亡,对猪的危害尤其严重。近年来,小麦赤霉病在世界各地高频率流行,尤其在中国长江中下游小麦生产区以及黄淮部分小麦产区、美国中西部小麦主产区,导致小麦中DON毒素严重超标,并引发了严重的食品安全问题。本文对国内外小麦中DON毒素的污染现状、产毒镰刀菌种类及其化学型的分布及其趋势、毒素产生的调控机制以及小麦中DON毒素的防控途径进行了论述,希望有助于镰刀菌毒素污染小麦质量安全的风险评估、监管以及科学处置。
Deoxynivalenol (DON), one of the type B trichothecene mycotoxins, also known as vomitoxin, can cause sickness such as vomiting, feed refusal, bloody diarrhea, dermatitis, hemorrhaging, and even death because of inhibition of DNA, RNA and protein synthesis at the ribosomal level in nonruminant animals, especially swine. DON is the metabolite of Fusarium graminearum species complex(FGSC) which causes wheat head blight around the world. In the last 10 years, FHB has become a severely epidemic for many times in China (especially in Jiangsu, Anhui, Hubei, Henan and Shandong), north America and European countries, causing that DON becomes severe food safety issue for wheat grains. This paper presents the DON contamination of wheat, distribution and chemotype of DON-produced FGSC, the factors which influence the DON production, and the management of DON contaminated grains to facilitate the risk evaluation and surveillance of DON-contaminated wheat in this country.
