采用中性抽象名词探测在再认测试和自由回忆条件下的自我选择权效应。实验一采用选择与迫选的方式考察抽象名词在再认条件下的自我选择权效应；实验二进一步验证被试在我选择和他选择条件下对抽象名词的自由回忆的差异。结果表明：无论在再认测试还是自由回忆测试，被试对自我选择的抽象名词的记忆数量都显著高于迫选和他人选择条件下的抽象名词记忆的数量，中性抽象名词表现出了自我选择权效应，拓展了前人使用假词时在自由回忆条件下未表现出自我选择权效应。因此，自我选择权效应在自由回忆条件下可以存在于抽象名词的水平上。

The neutral abstract nouns were used to explore the self choice effect (SCE) under the tests of recognition and free recall. Study1, free choice and force choice paradigm was used to investigate the abstract nouns affect on SCE under the condition of recognition. Furthermore, Study2 used the ways of self-choice and other choice to examine the SCE under the test of free recall. The results shown that both the recognition and free recall tests demonstrated the superior memory performance observed when the abstract nouns chosen by the participants than force chosen and other chosen. Therefore, The SCE under the condition of free recall at least on the level of abstract nouns.

研究了经济代理人面临红利支付和劳动负效用情形下投资与退休选择问题，其中考虑了风险资产派发红利及劳动会给经济代理人带来效用损失的情形。代理人享有退休选择权，退休决策使得代理人避免了劳动负效用，却必须要放弃工资收入。代理人效用来自消费，并且受劳动负效用的直接影响。利用动态规划的方法去解自由边值问题，得到了代理人临界财富水平和最优消费投资组合策略显示解。

This paper studies an agent?s consumption/portfolio and retirement problem,in which the dividend-pay-ment of risk assets as well as the utility loss from labor are considered. The agent has an option to retire from his work.Before retirement the agent receives labor income but suffers a utility loss due to work,however,by deciding to retire from work,he saves the utility loss but gives up labor income.The agent utility comes from consumption,which is directly influenced by utility loss due to labor. We obtain an explicit solution for the agent?s critical wealth level and optimal consumption/portfolio strategy by using dynamic programming methods to solve a free boundary value problem.

在《失乐园》中，亚当的正当理性与选择涉及弥尔顿的古典资源与神学思想之间的复杂关系。通过区分自然法与实在法，可以说明正当理性与选择之间并无抵牾。上帝赋予亚当自然法，使其可以遵从正当理性。但是有关知识树果子的命令属于实在法，与正当理性不自动相合，因此亚当才有了真正意义上的选择。《失乐园》中自由选择(free choice)与真正的自由(true liberty)之间实有差异：前者对应亚当自由选择的能力，后者则是他遵从正当理性的结果。亚当在吃知识树的果子时，行使了自由选择，但他选择的是夏娃，而非遵守上帝的命令。这一事件的后果之一便是正当理性被蒙蔽，亚当从此失去了真正的自由。

In Paradise Lost, Adam’s right reason and choosing involves the complex relation between Milton’s classical thoughts and theological ideas. The article, by distinguishing positive law from the law of nature, contends that right reason and choosing are not contradictory. God implants the law of nature in Adam to teach him things agreeable to right reason, while God’s command about the Tree of Knowledge belongs to the positive law which is not intrinsically in accordance with right reason. Thus, Adam can make a choice in the real sense. Moreover, the free choice (or freedom to choose) should be distinguished from true liberty in the epic. The former refers to the ability of free choosing, whereas the latter denotes the outcome of choosing in accordance with right reason. In tasting the Fruit of the Tree of Knowledge, Adam exercises his freedom to choose, yet what he has chosen is Eve rather than obeying God’s command. One of the consequences of this event is the privation o

莱布尼茨将自由、选择和理性结合在一起来说明自由。首先,莱布尼茨将自由和选择联系在一起。他批判了决定论和抽象的自由,认为自由就是自由选择。第二,莱布尼茨将自由选择同理性结合在一起。他认为不管是神按照最好原则还是人按照最主要理由或快乐原则进行选择,这种包含了道德目的性的自由选择是建立在理性基础之上的。并且在他看来理性是人的本性,由此,莱布尼茨的自由理论事实上否证了黑格尔将自由看作是任意的自由的论断,他的自由触及到黑格尔的具体的自由层面。第三,他还在现实存在的层面上,从自由主体的角度出发指出人由于先天的不足而达不到建立在绝对理性基础上的自由,这种自由只有上帝才能拥有,但是人可以通过规范和练习趋向这种真正的自由。

Leibniz explained freedom by combination of choice and rationality.First of all,Leibniz put freedom and choice together.He criticized determinism and abstract freedom and considered that freedom is free choice.Second,Leibniz put freedom and rationality together.He regarded that whether God''s choice based on the principle of best or man''s choice based on the principle of pleasure,those free choices that con-tain the normal purpose is based on rationality.Leibniz thought that rationality is human nature.Thus, Leibniz''s theory of freedom denied Hegel''s assertion that Hegel treated Leibniz''s freedom as arbitrarily freedom. His freedom reached to the level of Hegel''s concrete freedom.Third,he also pointed out,on the level of real-ity,from the perspective of free subject that people can''t reach the freedom based on absolute rationality due to congenital lacking.God alone has this freedom,but people can tend to the real freedom by the specification and practice.

目的：探讨建立大鼠口服自身给药酒精依赖模型的可行性。方法：给予模型组大鼠6％（ v/w）的酒精水溶液，对照组饮纯净水连续30天，每隔6天模型组大鼠称体重1次，记录饮酒量及饮水量；另外将分别装有6％（ v/w）酒精水溶液和纯净水的饮水瓶放置于每一饲养笼测试2组大鼠酒精水溶液自由选择4小时，15：00PM～19：00PM，每天互换位置；同时记录自由选择前后饮水瓶重量以检测大鼠饮酒量和酒精偏爱。30天后进行戒断症状评分。结果：酒精戒断4目的：探讨建立大鼠口服自身给药酒精依赖模型的可行性。方法：给予模型组大鼠6％（ v/w）的酒精水溶液，对照组饮纯净水连续30天，每隔6天模型组大鼠称体重1次，记录饮酒量及饮水量；另外将分别装有6％（ v/w）酒精水溶液和纯净水的饮水瓶放置于每一饲养笼测试2组大鼠酒精水溶液自由选择4小时，15：00PM～19：00PM，每天互换位置；同时记录自由选择前后饮水瓶重量以检测大鼠饮酒量和酒精偏爱。30天后进行戒断症状评分。结果：酒精戒断4～6hr症状评分模型组与对照组大鼠比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0．001），而且运用酒精、水溶液自由选择2瓶法测试4小时模型组大鼠的饮酒量和酒精偏爱与对照组比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0．05）。结论：采用自由获得2瓶选择法可建立稳定大鼠酒依赖模型。

Objective:To explore establishing model of ethanol oral self -administration in rats .Methods:The model group was sup-plied with using ethanol solution (6%,v/w) as the sole drinking source ,and purified water were available ad libitum in the control group for 30 days;Ethanol drinking and water drinking were recorded after the model group was weighed one time every 6 days;In addition,Eth-anol intake and ethanol preference were measured between the model and the control group in the 4-hours two bottles free choice para-digm;Withdrawal symptoms were assessed after 30 days;Results:There were significant difference between the model and control group about 4-6 hours after withdrawal (P<0.001),Furthermore,there were also significant difference between the model and control group in the 4-hours two bottles free choice paradigm (P<0.05).Conclusion:Stable ethanol dependent model was established by using a free -access and two-bottle choice paradigm .