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双语推荐：菌

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“鸡菌”食药两用，既是食物，又是药品。自明朝李时珍《本草纲目》至今已有500多年，一直都只有“鸡[土从]菌”之名，而无“鸡枞菌”之说。自20世纪90年代计算机在中国普及以来，因为计算机字库中没有“[土从]”字，就有人用“枞”字代替而成“鸡枞菌”之误名，并以讹传讹，不仅网络上错误频出，少数辞书亦跟着误用。文章引证大量文献，对“鸡[土从]菌”正本清源，以促进科技名词规范化。
Jizongjun (鸡土(从)菌) is with the dual properties, which could be used as both medicine and food. There has been a 500-year long history since the Compendium of Materia Medica by Ll Shizhen in Ming Dynasty, only the Jizongjun was col ected instead of Jicongjun. Because no 土(从) in the database of computer, some people took the 枞 with the 土(从)so that the 鸡土(从)菌became 鸡枞菌 and the circulation of erroneous reports has been carried on not only in the internet, but also in some lexicographical books. ln order to promote the standardization of scientific and technical terms, the radical reformation on it through a lot of phil-ological research as fol ows: Jizongjun is the standard name, while Jicongjun is false name.

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从长期受油污的土壤中分离得到了7株降解石油类菌株，其编号分别为菌2-1、菌7-1、菌1-2、菌5-2、菌7-2、菌油3及菌油5．经形态观察、Biolog鉴定和16S rDNA 基因序列分析，可鉴定菌2-1和菌7-1为粘质沙雷氏菌，菌1-2为居植物柔武氏菌，菌5-2、菌油3和菌油5都为克雷伯氏菌属，菌7-2为蜡状芽孢杆菌．其中，菌1-2、菌5-2和菌7-2能使发酵液的表面张力从36．10 m N/m降低至20．20 m N/m、20．74 m N/m、21．78 m N/m ，表明这些菌所产生的表面活性剂能具有较强的乳化原油的能力，展现了较大的应用前景．
7 strains degrading oil were isolated from long-term oil-contaminated soil and they were numbered as bacteria 2-1 ,bacteria 7-1 ,bacteria 1-2 ,bacteria5-2 ,bacteria 7-2 ,bacteria oil 3 ,bacteria oil 5 ,of which bacteria 2-1 and bacteria 7-1 were identified as Serratia marces-cens ,bacteria 1-2 as Raoultella planticola ,bacteria 5-2 ,bacteria oil 3 ,and bacteria oil 5 as Klebsiella genus ,bacteria 7-2 as Bacillus cereus by morphological observation ,Biolog identi-fication and 16S rDNA gene sequence analysis .Bacteria 1-2 ,bacteria 5-2 and bacteria 7-2 en-abled the surface tension of the fermentation liquid reduce from 36 .1 mN /m to 20 .2 mN /m ,20 .74 mN /m and 21 .78 mN/m ,indicating the surfactants produced by the bacteriums have a strong emulsification crude capacity and show great potential .

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为寻找更多适合天麻生产上培养蜜环菌的树材,选取桉树、天竺桂和女贞等8种贵州常见树材的枝或干作菌材接种蜜环菌,观察培养蜜环菌在生长过程中的接菌时间、色泽变化、顶端分生能力、菌索直径及其密集程度等,并对各菌材所培育出的蜜环菌菌索进行HPLC指纹图谱比较分析。结果表明:8种树材10d左右均可长出蜜环菌菌索,其色泽基本一致,幼嫩时呈黄白色或浅黄色,成熟后呈棕色,老化之前尖端都有白色的生长点,老化后呈黄褐色、深褐色或黑褐色,菌索顶端分生组织在老化前分裂能力较强;8种树材中,马尾松作为蜜环菌菌种接种菌材的菌索直径最大,天竺桂菌材最小;菌索数量,滇鼠刺菌材最多,天竺桂菌材最少;马尾松易腐烂、虫蛀。不同菌材培养的蜜环菌菌索的HPLC指纹图谱有一定的差异。8种树材中,滇鼠刺、女贞和天竺桂较适合作为培育蜜环菌的菌材。
The inoculated time,color change,apical meristem capacity,rhizomorph diameter and dense degree of Armillaria mellea inoculated on branches and trucks of eight common tree species were observed and the finger-print of Armillaria mellea rhzomorph from different tree species was analyzed by HPLC to seek more suitable tree species for A.mellea growth in Gastrodia elata production.The results showed that A.mellea rhizomorph with the same color basically could emerge on eight tree species after 10d all and the color of young and matured A.mellea rhizomorph was yellowish white or pale yellow and brown.There were white growing points on the tip of A.mellea rhizomorph before ageing of A.mellea rhzomorph.The color of ageing A.mellea rhizomorph was yellowish-brown,dark brown or black brown. The apical meristem of A.mellea rhzomorph was of the strong fission ability before its ageing.The rhzomorph diameter of A.mellea inoculated on Pinus massoniana and C.pedunculatum was maximum and minimum.The rh

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采用PCR-RFLP方法对东太平洋海隆深海热液区3个站位沉积物中的古菌多样性进行了初步研究.结果显示,从古菌16S rRNA基因文库中随机挑取的296个阳性克隆分属奇古菌门（Thaumarchaeota,47.64%）、广古菌门（Euryarchaeota,44.93%）、泉古菌门（Crenarchaeota,6.77%）和未分类古菌（0.68%）,其中优势菌群为奇古菌门的亚硝化侏儒菌属（Nitrosopumilus,35.47%）和广古菌门的热原体纲（Thermoplasmata,27.03%）,DHVE3、DHVE5、DHVE6、MBGB和MBGE类群在沉积物样品中也均有发现.另外,3个站位沉积物中古菌类群组成存在差异,S5-TVG1站位样品文库的97个古菌克隆分属奇古菌门（49.48%）、广古菌门（49.48%）和泉古菌门（1.03%）,S14-TVG10站位样品文库的103个古菌克隆由奇古菌门（84.47%）和广古菌门（15.53%）组成,S16-TVG12站位样品文库的96个古菌克隆包括广古菌门（71.88%）、泉古菌门（19.79%）、奇古菌门（6.25%）和未分类古菌（2.08%）.研究结果表明,东太平洋海隆深海热液区沉积物中古菌多样性丰富,存在着许多新的古菌菌群;不同站位古菌菌群结构以及多样性存在差异,这与其所处环境的热液活动密切相关.
Archaeal diversity of deep-sea hydrothermal sediments from 3 sites on the East Pacific Rise was investiga-ted and analyzed with polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP).Phyloge-netic analyses revealed that a total of 296 random 16S rRNA gene clones were assigned to Thaumarchaeota (47.64%),Euryarchaeota (44.93%),Crenarchaeota (6.77%)and unclassified Archaea (0.68%).Among them,the genus Nitrosopumilus belonging to the phylum Thaumarchaeota and the class Thermoplasmata belonging to the phylum Euryarchaeota were the dominant groups,representing 35.47% and 27.03% of archaeal clones,re-spectively.In addition,some archaeal 16S rRNA gene sequences were affiliated with deep-sea hydrothermal vent Euryarchaeota 3,5 and 6 (DHVE3,DHVE5 and DHVE6),and Marine Benthic Group B and G (MBGB and MB-GE ).Archaeal communities in sediments from 3 sites on East Pacific Rise were clearly distinct from each other.97 archaeal clones from S5-TVG1 site were divided to

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采用L-8800型氨基酸自动分析仪,色谱条件：标准分析柱4.6 mm×60.0 mm,反应柱温度：57℃,反应器温度：136℃,测定了野生粗柄鸡枞菌子实体菌柄及菌盖中氨基酸组成。结果表明：粗柄鸡枞菌子实体菌盖中含有16种氨基酸,而菌柄中只含有15种氨基酸,菌柄比菌盖缺少甲硫氨酸。粗柄鸡枞菌的菌盖氨基酸总量（29.361 2%）高于菌柄（21.1567%）。由此可见,粗柄鸡枞菌子实体,尤其菌盖氨基酸种类齐全,含量丰富,是一种天然绿色、营养健康的食品。
To determine the content of amino acids from pileus and stipes of Termitomyces robustus by L-8800 amina acid mobile analyzer. Chromatographic condition:standard column was 4.6 mm×60.0 mm, temperature of reactive column and reactor part were respactively 57℃and 136℃. The results showed that 16 kinds amino acids were assayed in its pileus, but 15 kinds amino acids (no Met) were assayed in its stipes. The total content of amino acid in its pileus were higher (29.361 2%) than the stipes (21.156 7%), There are abundant amino acids in the Termitomyces robustus, it is a natural and nutritional food.

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采用16S rDNA克隆文库法对某刺参养殖场患病刺参Apostichopus japonicus幼苗(体长为3~5 cm)表皮的菌群结构进行分析。结果表明：化皮参苗病灶组织和未明显化皮参苗表皮菌群均由γ-变形菌纲、β-变形菌纲和α-变形菌纲组成，优势菌为γ-变形菌纲，主要包括志贺氏菌Shigella sp.、不动杆菌Acineto-bacter sp.和假单胞菌Pseudomonas sp.；化皮参苗病灶组织中志贺氏菌、不动杆菌和假单胞菌比例分别为49%、17%和5%，未明显化皮参苗表皮中3类菌的比例分别为20%、26%、9%。将该养殖场育苗池海水作为对照并进行菌群结构分析，结果显示，水中菌群同样由γ-变形菌纲、β-变形菌纲和α-变形菌纲组成，优势菌也为γ-变形菌纲，主要包含弧菌Vibrio sp.(75%)与志贺氏菌(12%)。此外，对化皮参苗病灶处进行细菌分离培养，得到一株优势菌，经16S rDNA初步鉴定为弧菌。研究表明，采用16S rDNA克隆文库法所得结果与传统的病原分离培养法存在差异。
Flora on eipthelia of diseased juvenile sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus with body length of 3-5 cm showing body wall lesions was studied by a method of 16S rDNA cloning library. The results showed that the bacte-ria were composed of Alphaproteo bacteria, Betaproteo bacteria and Gammaproteo bacteria, with the predominant flora of Shigella sp. , Acinetobacter sp. and Pseudomonas sp. on the lesions of the diseased sea cucumber as well as sea cucumber without obvious symptom. There was 49% of Shigella sp. , 17% of Acinetobacter sp. and 5% of Pseudomonas sp. in the diseased sea cucumber, while there was 20% of Shigella sp. , 26% of Acinetobacter sp. and 9% of Pseudomonas sp. in those without lesions. The members of Alphaproteo bacteria, Betaproteo bacteria and Gammaproteo bacteria were found in the seawater from the culture ponds as a control group, with predominant phaproteobacteria including Vibrio sp. (75%) and Shigella sp. (12%). Also, a predominant bacterium strain was isolated fro

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为有效再利用菌糠,以5种菇类菌糠为原料,研究了不同菇类菌糠各种营养成分的差异。结果表明：5种菌糠粗纤维含量均在20%以上,磷、钙含量差异不明显,黑木耳菌糠的粗蛋白含量最高,平菇菌糠粗脂肪含量最高,且显著高于其余4种菌糠,金针菇菌糠粗灰分含量最高,且显著高于其余4种菌糠。
In order to provide the experimental basis for differentiated applications of different fungus chaff ,taking dif-ferent kinds of fungus chaff as raw materials ,the differences of nutritional ingredients of different fungus chaff were studied .The results showed that crude fiber content of five kinds of fungus chaff was more than 20% ,phosphorus and calcium content of five kinds of fungus chaff was not significantly different ,the crude protein content of A uricularia aurlcula was the highest ,the crude fat content of Leurotus ostreatus fungus chaff was the highest ,which was signifi-cantly higher than the other four kinds of fungus chaff .The crude ash content of Flammulina velutiper was the high-est ,significantly higher than the other four kinds of fungus chaff .

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为获得高PHB含量的甲烷氧化菌微生态体系，对混合菌进行分离鉴定和生长特性研究。采用纯种分离方法，结合16S rDNA序列分析，菌体间两两交叉划线培养，分离后纯菌的PHB含量及铜离子浓度对混合菌生长进行研究。结果表明，该混合菌群由甲烷氧化菌及其他非甲烷氧化菌构成，甲烷氧化菌属于Methylosinus trichosporium，混合菌中其他微生物构成的伴生菌能充分利用甲烷氧化菌的代谢产物促进生长，并维持菌群结构和功能的稳定。铜离子浓度对混合菌生长有一定影响。该菌群能利用甲烷、甲醇作为生长碳源，长势良好且有MMO活性，可合成PHB，还作为催化剂可以实现丙烯氧化生产环氧丙烷。
In order to obtain Methanotrophs microecological system with high PHB content, the mixed culture are isolated and characterized. The mixed culture growth is studied by pure culture isolation combining with 16S rRNA, cross-scribing, PHB content of each pure strains after separation and different copper ion concentrations. The results show that the mixed culture is composed of methane-oxidizing bacteria and other non-methane-oxidizing bacteria. Methanotrophs belong to Methylosinus trichosporium. The presence of accompanying bacteria in mixed cultures make full use of methanotrophic bacteria metabolites to foster the physiological growth and maintain the stability of structure and function. Copper ion concentration has a certain influence on the growth of the mixed culture. This methane-utilizing mixed culture can not only utilize methane, methanol as carbon source to grew well and has MMO activity, synthesize PHB, also as a catalyst, propylene can be produced to epoxypropane.

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以云杉外生菌根菌种为试材,比较了各外生菌根菌与云杉形成菌根的能力以及不同菌根感染率,并探讨了外生菌根菌对云杉苗木生长的影响.结果表明：褐粘盖牛杆菌的最佳培养温度是20~25℃,最适 pH 值是6.0；播种时接种外生菌根菌可提高种子的出苗率,并使出苗时间提前.菌根菌能显著提高云杉幼苗的苗高、地径和侧根数,经褐粘盖牛肝菌、微甜乳菇和土生空团菌液体菌剂处理的种子出苗率比对照提高了26.8%、23.9%、22.0%；就各种菌根菌而言,以微甜乳菇菌株的接种效果最好,其次为褐粘盖牛肝菌和土生空团；黑紫红菇和白乳菇对云杉苗促生效果相对较差.
The ectomycorrhizal fungi of Picea asperata were employed to develop the techniques of seedling cultivation.By inoculating ectomycorrhizal fungi into the roots of seedlings,the effects of nine ec-tomycorrhizal fungi on the growth of four spruces and mycorrhiza infection rates by different inoculation methods was studied.The results indicated that the optimum culture temperature was 20~25 ℃,and the optimum pH was 6.0.Inoculating ectomycorrhizal fungi when the seeds were planted increased percentage of germination and made seeds germinate ahead of time.Ectomycorrhizal fungi promoted the growth of the seedlings in the height,root collar diameter and number of lateral root.The germination rate of seeds was increased by 26.8%,23.9%,22.0% after inoculated with Suillus luteus,Lactarius subdulcis and Cenococ-cum geophilum.Among the tested mycorrhizal fungi,L.subdulcis showed the best,followed by S.luteus and C.geophilum,Russula atropurpurea and L.piperatus had a less growth promotin

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根据形态学特征挑选了7株采自甘肃甘南境内的野生羊肚菌,应用rDNA-ITS序列进行了比对技术分析。结果表明,7株野生羊肚菌归属为4个种:粗柄羊肚菌Morchellav crassipes、羊肚菌M.esculenta、黑脉羊肚菌M.angusticeps和高羊肚菌M.elata。根据分子系统树发现,粗柄羊肚菌和羊肚菌属于黄羊肚菌类群,而黑脉羊肚菌和高羊肚菌属于黑羊肚菌类群。
According to the morphological characteristics,7 strains of wild Morchella spp.from Ganna of Gansu Province were selected to analyze the rDNA-ITS.The results showed that 7 strains belonged to 4 species, there were M.crassipes ,M.esculenta ,M.angusticeps and M.elata .According to the molecular phylogenetic tree,M.crassipes and M.esculent belonged to the yellow morel,M.angusticeps and M.elata belonged to the black morel.

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