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双语推荐：萌发

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为明确燕麦散黑穗病菌(Ustilago avenae)冬孢子在自然生境中的萌发条件,研究了疏亲水界面、不同温度、湿度、光照时间、pH、碳源和氮源对冬孢子萌发的影响。结果表明,亲水界面促进冬孢子萌发,在水琼脂培养基上萌发率最高;冬孢子萌发的最适温度为20~25℃,温度过高或过低均抑制其萌发。冬孢子对湿度要求较高,RH≥90%时才可萌发,且萌发率较低。光照对冬孢子萌发的影响不明显,酸性条件有利于冬孢子萌发,最适pH为4~7,葡萄糖和蛋白胨可促进冬孢子萌发。
In the paper,we studied the effects of lyophobic and hydrophilic interface,different temperature, humidity,light illumination time,pH,carbon sources and nitrogen sources on Ustilago avenae teliospore germi-nation.The results showed that the hydrophilic interface could promote Ustilago avenae teliospore germination, The germination rate was highest on water agar medium;The optimum temperature of teliospore germinationwas from 20 to 25 ℃,Teliospore germination was inhibited by too high or too low on the temperature;The de-mand of humidity for teliospore was high,they could only germinate when the relative humidity was higher than 90%,and germination rate was low;The illumination time had not obvious effect on teliospore germination;A-cidic conditions could promote teliospore germination,the optimum pH was 4 to 7;Glucose and peptone could promote the teliospore germination.

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选择青藏高原东部高寒草甸的32科524种植物种子,探讨了温度、海拔与种子大小对种子萌发特性的影响.研究结果表明变温极显著地影响种子萌发,能够解释萌发率变异的3.4%.在5/15℃,5/20℃,10/25℃3个变温处理下,物种萌发比例分别为78.7%,83.4%,91.3%,平均萌发率分别为36.4%,40.6%,47.2%.其中5/15℃变温处理下物种萌发比例与萌发率均最低,表明高寒低温不利于种子萌发.同时,温度对种子萌发的影响依赖于系统发育,科分类能够解释样区物种种子萌发总变异的34.9%.10个主要科植物种子在变温5/15℃,5/20℃,10/25℃处理下表现出不同的萌发特性,各个科的最高与最低萌发率差异显著.总体而言,禾本科平均萌发率最高(73.6%),豆科的最低(8.2%),各个科对温度变化表现出不同的适应机制.种子采集地海拔与平均萌发率显著相关,能够解释萌发率总变异的2.3%.种子萌发率随海拔升高而降低.与前人研究结果不同的是本次研究结果表明种子大小与萌发率间呈显著的负相关.一方面,样区内随海拔升高,种子有变小的趋势,有利于萌发率的增加;另一方面,高海拔比低海拔地区温度低,不利于种子萌发.样区内各物种的萌发特性受到以上正负影响的双重作用,呈现出各异的萌发特性.
The effects of temperature, altitude and seed mass on germination were studied. Seed germination characteristics of 524 species (32 families) existing on the eastern edge of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau were investigated. It was found that alternating temperature had a significant effect on germination, and contributed 3.4%of total variation in percentage germination. The mean proportion germination of all species was 78.7%, 83.4% and 91.3%, the mean percentage germination of all species was 36.4%, 40.6% and 47.2% at 5/15?C, 5/20?C and 10/25?C respectively. Both the lowest percentage germination and the lowest proportion germination occurred in 5/15?C, which indicated that alpine low temperatures had a negative impact on seed germination. It was aslo found that seed germination was strongly related to phylogeny, with the family accounting for 34.9% of total variations in percentage germination. The germination response to temperature among seeds from 10 main families varied significantly. The

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为了揭示乌天麻和红天麻种子自然萌发和生长发育特性,建立野生萌发菌收集方法,采用4℃冷藏、室温贮藏、新鲜种子3种不同贮藏方式的红天麻和乌天麻种子在原生地播种,通过不同时间取样,观察统计种子的萌发率、死亡率和萌发生长指数。结果表明,天麻种子6月播种,8月有较高的萌发率,9月种子萌发生长指数高;不同贮藏方式下的天麻种子其萌发率、死亡率、生长指数差异显著;常温贮藏种子萌发生长指数显著小于4℃冷藏种子与新鲜种子,4℃冷藏种子与新鲜种子之间萌发生长指数相近。因此在6月选择新鲜种子或短时间冷藏种子播种有利于种子的萌发,在9月利于采样,可以获得理想的萌发菌分离材料。
To reveal the seed germination and growing characteristics of seeds of G. elata f.elata and G.elata f.glauca S.Chow and to establish the wild G. elata germinating fungi collection method, fresh seeds and seeds preservted under 4 ℃ or room temperature of G.elata f.elata and G.elata f.glauca S.Chow were sowned and sampled in situ. Methods of observation and statistics were used to study seed mortality rate,germination rate and germination-growth index.Results showed that seeds sowned in June had higher seed germination rate in August and higher germination- growth index in September.There were significant differences of germination rate,mortality rate and germination-growth index among seeds stored under three different temperature. Germination-growth index of seeds stored under room temperature was significant lower than that of fresh seeds and those stored under 4℃. There was no significant difference of germination-growth index between fresh seed and those stored under 4℃

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利用控制试验研究温度和盐分胁迫对全缘蓝刺头种子萌发的影响。结果表明，全缘蓝刺头种子萌发的最适温度为25～50℃。盐胁迫对全缘蓝刺头草种子的萌发均有明显的抑制作用，随着盐浓度的增加，萌发率和萌发速率下降。在适宜萌发温度下，全缘蓝刺头种子萌发的耐盐极限值为0．5mol／L。
The paper studied the influence of temperature and salt stress on the seed germination of Echinops integrifolius. The results showed that the optimal constant temperatures for Echinops integrifolius are 25 ℃ ~ 30 ℃ . The salt stress significantly inhabited the germination of Echinops integrifolius. With the increase of salt concentration, the germination percentage and germination rate decreased. The extreme values of salinity tolerance of Echinops integrifolius are 0.3mmol/L.

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为获得带叶兜兰(Paphiopedilum hirsutissimum)种子萌发的共生真菌，采用原地共生萌发技术获得了2株自然萌发的小幼苗，并分离和筛选出了有效的种子萌发共生菌——瘤菌根菌(Epulorhiza sp.)。为验证分离菌株对带叶兜兰种子萌发的有效性，将Phs34号菌株与带叶兜兰种子在灭菌后的原生境基质上进行室内共生萌发试验，结果表明，经过6周的培养，对照组没有观察到种子的萌发；接菌的种子胚明显膨大，突破种皮，形成原球茎，平均萌发率为(58.35±3.41)%。这表明分离得到的瘤菌根菌能促进带叶兜兰的种子萌发。
The aim was to obtain the compatible mycorrhizal fungi of lithophyticPaphiopedilum hirsutissimum usingin situseed baiting technique. Two natural small seedlings were harvested after in situ seed germination. The effective symbiotic fungi of genusEpulorhizawere isolated from these developed seedlings. In order to verify the effect of the isolated fungal strains on seed germination, one of strains, Phs34, was used to thein vitrosymbiotic seed germination ofP. hirsutissimumon the sterile habitat substrate. After cultured for 6 weeks, seeds inoculated with Phs34 started to develop into protocorms and average germination rate was (58.35±3.41)%, whereas seeds without the fungus failed to germinate. These indicated that the fungal strain Phs34 was compatible mycorrhizal fungus ofP. hirsutissimum, and it will be helpful in seedling production and orchid conservation ofP. hirsutissimum.

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为探索滇杨花粉长期保存的适宜贮藏条件，采用离体培养法筛选滇杨花粉萌发适宜的蔗糖浓度，在适宜蔗糖浓度基础上，研究不同贮藏温度和时间滇杨花粉萌发率的变化。结果表明：滇杨花粉在1％琼脂＋15 g／L 蔗糖＋0．01％硼酸的培养基上萌发率最高，达34．84％；花粉萌发率因贮藏温度不同存在显著差异，在-80℃下贮藏240 d，萌发率为28．35％，显著高于同时期内其他温度贮藏处理；花粉萌发率随贮藏时间的延长呈下降趋势，相同时间内贮藏温度越低花粉萌发率越高，室温下花粉萌发率下降最快。
Effects of different sucrose concentrations on pollen germination rates of P .yunnanensis in vitroculture were investigated.According to the result,germination rates of pollen stored under different temperature and time were tested. It aimed to explore the suitable storage method for long-term preservation.The results showed that the highest pollen germination rates of P .yunnanensis was 34.84%on the medium composed of 1% ager,15 g/L sucrose and 0.01% boric acid.Significant differences were observed among pollen stored under different temperatures.After 240 days of storage at 80℃ pollen germination rate was 28.35%,which was significantly higher than pollen germination rates stored under the other three temperatures.It also showed that with the extension of storage time,pollen viability decreased,and at the same time the storage temperature lower,pollen viability was higher,the fastest decline in pollen viability at room temperature.

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为了认识砷污染与种子萌发的关系,进行绿豆和黑豆加砷砂培种子萌发实验.结果表明：低浓度的砷（1mgkg-1）对绿豆和黑豆种子萌发有促进作用,对萌发质量的促进作用可达12%以上,当砷水平超过一定浓度（5mg kg-1）则表现出明显的抑制作用,且随砷水平增加,抑制作用增强.砷处理第6天绿豆的发芽率和萌发质量的最大抑制率分别为88.2%和56.2%,黑豆发芽率和萌发质量的最大抑制率分别为57.9%和43.6%.同一砷水平下,砷对绿豆和黑豆萌发的抑制作用均随萌发时间的延长而减弱.在高砷水平15和20mg kg-1砂下,黑豆发芽率高于绿豆,砷对黑豆发芽率的抑制率小于绿豆.无论是发芽率还是萌发质量,黑豆的半抑制浓度均大于绿豆.总之,低剂量的砷可以促进绿豆和黑豆种子萌发,大于5mg kg-1的砷则抑制种子萌发,砷毒害导致种子发芽率和萌发质量降低,萌发延迟,豆芽变短;黑豆种子的耐高水平砷毒害的能力比绿豆种子强.
Arsenic is a toxic element both to animals and plants ,and arsenic pollution may reduce the crop yields and threat to food safety .An experiment germinating mung bean and black soybean seeds by arsenic addition in sands was conducted to understand the effect of arsenic on seed germination ,in which the situation of seed germination was observed and the percentage of seed germination and germination weight was determined . The results showed that 1 mg kg-1 arsenic addition stimulated the mung bean and black soybean seed germination and increased about 12% of the germination weight ,but the seed germination was significantly suppressed when the arsenic addition was over 5 mg kg-1 , and thereafter the suppression to seed germination was increased with the increasing of arsenic concentrations .The highest decreasing rate of percentage of seed germination and the germination weight at 6 days after incubation was 88 .2% and 56 .2% for mung bean and 57 .9%and 43 .6% for black soybean ,respect

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采用不同的激素、贮藏方法和萌发温度进行道真润楠(Machilus dauzhenensis)种子发芽试验。结果表明,赤霉素(GA3)对道真润楠种子的萌发具有促进作用,其中200 mg/L GA3最利于种子的萌发,脱落酸(ABA)则抑制种子的萌发;道真润楠种子容易失水丧失活性,沙藏有利于种子的萌发;15~30℃是道真润楠种子萌发的最适温度。超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)的活性在道真润楠种子萌发过程中先升高后下降,丙二醛(MDA)含量变化则相反。
Different hormone treatments, storage methods and different temperatures was used to optimize germination conditions of Machilus dauzhenensis seeds. Results showed that GA3 could promote the germination of M. dauzhenensis seeds with the optimal concentration of 200 mg/L. ABA inhibited the germination. The seeds was easy to lose water so as to lose liveness. Sand storage was favorable for the germination of M. dauzhenensis seeds. 15~30℃ was the best germination temperature for the germination of M. dauzhenensis seeds. The activities of SOD and POD increased first and then decreased during the early periods of M. dauzhenensis seeds germination. The change tendency of MDA content was just opposite.

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平沙绿僵菌Metarhizium pingshaense是一种潜力巨大的生防真菌,绿僵菌能否在土壤环境下快速定殖是有效控制地下害虫的重要条件,而孢子萌发是定殖的第一步。本文研究了土壤温、湿度及竹林土、河滩土和农田土等3种土壤类型对绿僵菌孢子萌发的影响,并利用土壤平板法观察了孢子在土壤中的生活周期。结果表明,土壤温度和湿度对孢子萌发影响显著,土壤类型对孢子萌发影响较小。在供试3个土样中,在最适温、湿度条件下,孢子萌发率均可达到80.0%以上。土壤类型不同,适宜孢子萌发所需的温、湿度不同,竹林土最适温度为25℃,随湿度增加孢子萌发率增加,湿度24%时孢子萌发率最高为80.8%;农田土最适温度为25℃,随湿度增加孢子萌发率降低,湿度6%时孢子萌发率最高为86.5%;河滩土最适温度为30℃,随湿度增加孢子萌发率降低,湿度6%时孢子萌发率最高为80.0%。土壤类型与土壤温、湿度的互作对孢子萌发有显著影响,绿僵菌孢子在25℃、土壤湿度12%条件下,12 h开始萌发产生芽管,24~96 h为营养生长期,120~144 h为生殖生长期,之后开始产孢,168 h即可观察到链状分生孢子。
The conidia germination of Metarhizium pingshaense is an important factor to control soil pests. The effects of soil temperature, moisture and type on conidia germination and the life cycle of M. pingshaense in soil were investigated in this research. The results showed the main factors of conidia germination were soil temperature and moisture, followed by soil type. Under the most optimum temperature and humidity condition, the conidia germination ratios were more than 80.0% in bamboo forest soil, farm soil and riverside soil. The optimum temperature and moisture for conidia germination were different in different soil types. In bamboo forest soil, the conidia germination rate increased with soil humidity and reached 80.8%with moisture of 24%at the most optimum temperature of 25℃. In farm soil, the conidia germination rate was negative correlation with the moisture and reached 86.5%with moisture of 6%at the most optimum temperature of 25℃. The most optimum temperature for

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通过室内试验研究温度、土壤含水量、水层和土层深度对马唐萌发和生长的影响。结果表明,马唐最适萌发温度为25~35℃,最低萌发温度为10~15℃,最高萌发温度为40~45℃;马唐萌发最适土壤含水量为40%,土壤含水量低于10%、大于50%时,萌发率显著降低;水层对马唐影响较大,水层处理可显著降低马唐的出苗率;随着土层深度的增加,马唐出苗率逐渐降低,土层深度7 cm则马唐不能出苗。
The effects of environmental factors including temperature ,soil water content ,and water and soil depth on ger-mination and growth of Digitaria sanguinalis was studied in the laboratory .The optimum temperature for D.sanguinalis germination was 25~35 ℃, the lowest germination temperature was 10~15℃, and the highest temperature was 40~45 ℃.The optimum and lowest soil water content for germination was 40%and less than 10%,respectively;above a soil water content of 50%,germination rate decreased significantly .Water depth had some effect on D.sanguinalis,its emer-gence rate was significantly reduced by different water depth treatments;emergence rate declined as soil depth increased , and no emergence was observed when the soil depth was over 7 cm.

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