首例转基因大豆于1988年诞生以来,越来越多的转基因性状得到了开发,包括:抗虫型,抗除草剂型等。随着农业育种的发展,现有的单一性状转基因作物已经不能满足农业的需求,聚合多种优良性状的复合性状转基因作物成为了转基因作物发展的趋势。复合性状转基因作物的不断研发,使不同的国家和地区制定了不同的复合性状转基因作物的监管和安全评价制度。本文归纳对比了现阶段不同国家和地区针对复合性状转基因作物的监管措施,通过对国际先进的监管制度进行总结,从而对我国的复合性状转基因作物的监管提供有效的依据。

Since the first transgenic soybean had been developed in 1988, more and more characters were achieved, including the insect- and herbicide-resistance. However, as the development of the breeding technology, the transgenic crops of single-character were not able to meet the demands of modern agriculture. The stacked transgenic plants that combine different characters have gradually raised the public’s attention. As the rapid development of the stacked transgenic plants, many countries and groups have declared different ruling and safety assessment regulations to govern the new-developed plants. In this paper, different ruling regulations and safety assessment were inducted; the efficient evidence of the stacked transgenic plants was provided for the supervision of the stacked transgenic plants.

大豆是重要的油料作物和高蛋白粮饲兼用作物。转基因大豆是主要的转基因作物,2011年全球转基因作物面积中转基因大豆占有47%。基因转化技术迅速发展为大豆产业发展奠定了技术支撑。论述了基因枪法、农杆菌转化法以及花粉管通道法的利弊,并分析了转基因大豆的产业化现状,以期为转基因大豆的生产提供参考。

Soybeans are important oil crops and high protein grain and forage crops. Transgenic soybeans are the principal biotech crops , occupying 47% hectares of the global biotech areas in 2011. The rapid development of transgenic technology has laid a technical support for the soybeans industry. The advantages and disadvantages of the particle bombardment ,agrobacterium tumefaciens and pollen tube pathway were discussed , and the industrialization status of transgenic soybean was analyzed so as to provide the reference for the production for the transgenic soybean.

尽管面临广泛争议,转基因作物产业已经在我国已经取得了长足的发展,但在技术研发创新与产业化的关键环节,还存在着原始创新少、产业化推广机制不完善等一系列问题。本文围绕目前我国转基因作物产业的发展现状,研究存在问题的原因,提出未来我国在作物转基因技术创新上应进一步加强共性基础研究,鼓励原始创新,并积极适度地进行作物转基因技术的产业化推广。

Despite in widespread controversy, GM crops industry has already made great development in China. Yet there are still a series of problems such as inadequate original innovation, imperfect commercialization promotion mechanisms in the key links of research and commercialization. Based on the present status of GM crops development in China, this paper analyzes the problems in its development, proposes to strengthen the common basic research, encourage the original innovation and promote the commercialization of GM crops actively and moderately.

转基因作物自1995年开始引入种植,以满足日益增长的粮食和饲料需求.转基因作物用于人类食物和动物饲料需要进行全面的安全性评价,首先从DNA水平考虑,包括插入宿主基因组的是什么DNA,插入的位置和稳定性如何？其次,考虑DNA编码蛋白的安全性及其对作物的潜在效应,确保转入的新蛋白从毒性、致敏性和环境各方面的评价都是安全的,此外,用于食品或动物饲料加工的谷物需要评价其营养成分,必要时还要确定其非预期效应.为给转基因作物的安全性评价提供依据,需要对转基因作物与非转基因对照物进行成分等实质同性分析,质谱及基于抗体的新技术能够对包括内源性致敏原在内的作物成分进行更精确的分析.监管指南文件中提出了许多分析方法及其用途,有一些是全球公认的文件(如食品法典委员会提出的文件).有些国家的监管机构推荐在某些情况下使用动物模型,但是在转基因作物的安全性评价中,动物模型的使用没有依据.试验方法的质量控制和标准化可以通过采用良好实验室规范来达成,是高质量数据的保证.监管机构对转基因作物的安全性测试方法的要求越来越多,根据目前的评价结果,已经登记的转基因作物与非转基因对照物同等安全.

Genetically modified (GM) crops were first introduced to farmers in 1995 with the intent to provide better crop yield and meet the increasing demand for food and feed.GM crops have evolved to include a thorough safety evaluation for their use in human food and animal feed.Safety considerations begin at the level of DNA whereby the inserted GM DNA is evaluated for its content,position and stability once placed into the crop genome.The safety of the proteins coded by the inserted DNA and potential effects on the crop are considered,and the purpose is to ensure that the transgenic novel proteins are safe from a toxicity,allergy,and environmental perspective.In addition,the grain that provides the processed food or animal feed is also tested to evaluate its nutritional content and identify unintended effects to the plant composition when warranted.To provide a platform for the safety assessment,the GM crop is compared to non-GM comparators in what is typically referred to as comp

种植转 Bt基因作物对保护作物免受害虫危害十分有效，但在整个生长季节转 Bt基因作物持续表达Bt毒素，迫使害虫在高选择压下加速对转基因作物的抗性进化。计算机模型在靶标害虫抗性进化的预测与抗性治理策略的评估中起到了重要的作用。综述了计算机模型在鳞翅目害虫对转Bt基因作物抗性治理中的应用，并对今后抗性治理策略研究中计算机模型模拟的发展方向进行了展望。

Planting crops expressing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)toxin gene is very effective to protect crops from pest damage,while transgenic plants express insecticidal protein sustainably in the whole growing season,which forces target pests to accelerate resistance evolution under high selection pressure.Simulation with computer models plays an important role in predicting resistance evolution of target pests and assessing resistance management strategies.This paper reviewed the applications of computer models in resistance management of target pests to transgenic Bt crops,and discussed the future development trend of computer model simulation leading to better resistance management strategy.