我国过失共同正犯的理论与实务都是以《刑法》明确否定过失共同正犯的成立为前提的。在此前提下,既不利于实践问题的解决,也不利于过失共同正犯理论自身的发展,因此有重新审视的必要。通过言语行为理论可以发现,《刑法》第25条第2款的规范构造既是行为规范也是制裁规范。作为行为规范,该条所禁止的是引起法益侵害结果的过失共同犯罪行为。而作为制裁规范即是要对违反行为规范的行为作出评价。因此,法官在依照该制裁规范裁判案件时,是以过失共同犯罪行为为评价对象的。在具体定罪量刑之前,需要确定是否成立过失共同犯罪,进而将结果归责于各行为人,这就为过失共同正犯的解释论展开提供了规范前提。

In our country , theories and practice of the negligent joint principal offender develop on the premise of the Criminal Law ’ s definite denial of the establishment of negligent joint principal offender .Such premise is adverse for the solution of practical problems and harmful to development of theories on the negli -gent joint principal offender , which requires a review on the premise .Based on the analysis of the normative structure of the Article 25 Paragraph 2 of the Criminal Law in accordance with the verbal behavior theory , this provision is both of behavior specification and of sanctions specification .As for the former , this provision is to prohibit the conduct of negligent joint crime which results in infringement to legal interests; while as for the latter , this provision is to evaluate the above mentioned conduct .Thus in application of this sanction specifica-tion, the judge should evaluate the conduct of negligent joint crime .Prior to specific conviction a

我国刑法中的“业务”与“职务”是两个不同的概念。因此，业务过失犯罪不同于职务过失犯罪，在研究中应予以区分。我国《刑法》分则中规定的业务过失犯罪主要有18种。当前对这些业务过失犯罪的处罚存在规范层面、理念层面与实践层面的问题，表现为：一是法定刑配置问题，二是刑罚目的偏重于惩罚而忽视预防，三是刑罚效果不容乐观。这些问题的存在，一方面不利于业务过失犯罪的处罚，另一方面无助于预防和减少该类犯罪的发生。因此，有必要通过贯彻罪刑均衡原则、协调刑罚的目的、关注刑罚的伦理性与注重非刑罚处罚措施等方法及时解决业务过失犯罪的处罚中存在的问题，进而预防和减少该类犯罪的发生。

“Vocation” and “duty” are two different concepts in China’s criminal law. Therefore, the crime of vocational negligence is different from the crime of the dereliction of duty. They should be distinguished in researches. There are 18 kinds of crimes of vocational negligence in the specific provisions of China’s criminal law. There exist problems in the punishment of crimes of vocational negligence in normative aspect, concept aspect and practical aspect. The first problem is the configuration of legal sentence;the second problem is that the purpose of the penalty stresses on punishment but ignores the prevention of crimes;the third is that the effect of punishment is far from satisfying. These problems, on one hand, are not conducive to the punishment of crime of vocational negligence;on the other hand, it does not help to prevent and reduce this kind of crimes. Therefore, it is necessary to implement the principle of suiting punishment to crime, coordinate the purpose o

我国《海商法》对海上货物运输合同承运人责任确立为不完全过失责任制，该制度的确立在当时的历史条件下是合理的。然而，随着航海技术的发展、船舶管理制度的完善，不完全过失责任制应逐步向完全过失责任制过渡。本文通过以我国海运承运人责任基础为背景，对承运人的权利、义务、责任期间、举证责任、赔偿限额以及承运人与实际承运人之间的责任关系进行论述，以期对我国海上承运人责任制度的完善有所裨益。

China has adapted the litigation concerning limitations on liability for the ship-owner on the carriage of goods by sea act on Admiralty Law was reasonable. However,with the development of seafaring technique and marine management,the litigation concerning limitations on liability should gradual be-come virtually none-existent. The article has made a discussion about carrier''s rights,obligations,period of liability,burden of proof,limitation of compensation as well as the relationship between carriers and the actual carriers,in order to make Chinese legal system become more and more perfect.

文中依托刑法学和行政法学理论,就我国VTS在监管和服务双重功能定位的语境下,VTS监督过失责任风险问题,以＂行为人的主观方面＂为切入点,以是否具备＂刑法上的因果关系＂为分析点,结合大陆法系＂信赖原则＂等理论,分别就VTS监督过失的三种形式：脱岗失职、建议失误、疏忽监控是否具有渎职刑罚责难性做详细探讨。

The research of vessel traffic service (VTS) has not yet obtained enough attention in domestic legal community. Based on theories of criminal law and administrative law, the paper studies the risk of negligence in VTS control under the background of the dual functions combining both control and service of VTS in China. Taking “the subjective aspects of the doer” as the entry point and the “cause-effect relations in criminal law” as the analysis points, it studies in detail whether the three forms of negligence in VTS control, i.e. skipping-work negligence, suggestion fault and negligent control, should lead to criminal penalty taking into consideration such theories as the Principle of Trust in civil law system.

在多年的刑法教学实践中,笔者发现许多学生在学习刑法犯罪主观方面理论时,对直接故意和过于自信的过失的内容掌握得较好,但在运用间接故意和疏忽大意的过失理论分析案例时常常出错,深究其原因,还是对这两方面的罪过心理理解得不够透彻的缘故。本文试从认识与意志两方面因素深刻探究这两种罪过心理的发生机制,以期供广大学员及教师同行们参考。

In the many years’ teaching practice of criminal law, the author finds that many students could better grasp the content about direct intent and credulity defect than analyze case by the theory of indirect intention and negligence in learning theory about the subjective aspect of criminal law. Deeper research shows that they don’t thoroughly enough understand about the two aspects of crime psychology. The article tries to deeply explore the occurrence mechanism of two kinds of criminal psychology from cognition factor and will factor in order to give reference for colleges students and teachers.