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双语推荐：过失危险犯

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刑修(八)对重大环境污染罪进行修改,通过实行行为前置使该罪由结果犯变为危险犯,由过失犯变为故意犯,虽然强化了对环境污染犯罪的刑法规制,但依照我国刑法贯彻的旧过失论,没有惩处过失危险犯的空间,因此仍然存在环境法益刑法保护不足与环境污染犯罪化需求间的矛盾。有必要借鉴德日刑法中通行的新过失论,强化风险社会中行为人的结果避免义务,为惩处环境污染犯罪的过失犯提供理论支持。
The Eighth Amendment to Criminal Law has modified the offense of severe pollution to the environment .By ad-vancing the interference of criminal law ,the offense has altered from consequential offense to potential damage offense ,from negligent offense to intentional offense .The modified criminal law has reinforced the protection of environmental interest ,but it is by far from sufficient in consideration of the urgent demand to control the increasing environmental pollution .Based on the old theory of negligence ,the current Chinese Criminal Law spares no space for the punishment of severe negligent offense in environmental pollution .Therefore ,there is necessity to reconsider the new theory of negligence and reinforce the result -pre-vention obligation .

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面对风险社会带来的挑战,刑法立法应及时予以调整,以有效弥补现行刑法在应对特定领域内犯罪中的立法不足。在诸如危害公共安全罪、环境犯罪中,应转变现行刑法立法结果本位的立场,适度增加过失危险犯的规定;在刑事责任的追究上,应适当扩大归责的范围,将监督过失责任、提供危险决策者的责任等纳入刑法的视野;在立法模式上,应采取多元的刑法立法模式,妥善处理好刑法典、单行刑法和附属刑法的关系。
Facing the challenge of Risk society,the criminal legislation needs adjust itself timely;in order to complement the shortage of the current criminal law in dealing with special field criminal legislation effectively.Such as the endangering public security crimes,environmental crimes,the current criminal legislation should change the result standard standpoint,and increase the negligent dangerous crimes.In imputation aspects,the criminal legislation should expand imputation range appropriately,such as the supervision negligence;the dangerous policymakers should be regulated in criminal law.In criminal legislation mode,the criminal legislation should take multiple legislative models,and deal with the penal code,special criminal law and separate subsidiary criminal law relations.

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我国已经步入民生时代,我国刑法正面临着从国家刑法向民生刑法的转向,民生刑法理应成为食品安全犯罪乃至整部刑法典的立法理念。依照民生刑法,食品安全犯罪在刑法分则体系中应当被定位为危害公共安全犯罪,其规制方案应当这样设计:通过纵向的法益保护前置措施,包括设置抽象危险犯、预备行为犯罪化、增设持有型犯罪,和横向的调控范围拓宽措施,包括拓展打击环节、增设过失犯罪和不作为犯罪,来实现刑事法网的严密化。
Our country has entered the people’s livelihood era,our country’s criminal law is facing the turning from the na-tional criminal law to the people''s livelihood criminal law,the people’s livelihood criminal law should be the legislation idea of food safety crimes and even the whole criminal code.According to the people’s livelihood criminal law,food safety crime should be positioned as the crime of endangering public safety in the specific provisions of criminal law system,it’s regulation scheme should be designed so that to realize the criminal law closely:through the longitudinal legal interests protection front measures,including setting the abstract dangerous crime,acting the prepare behavior as a crime,adding holding type crime, and through the horizontal widening regulation range measures,including expanding fight link,increasing the number of crimi-nal negligence and negative crime.

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共同危险行为属于责任者不明型共同侵权,其与份额不明型共同组成客观共同侵权之类型。此类共同侵权中连带责任的正当化基础为可能因果关系,故当行为人证明自己的行为与损害间不存在因果关系时,便可免于承担责任。共同危险行为制度同样可以适用于无过错责任领域。共同危险行为与共同过失型共同侵权的区分,主要看行为人是否具有共同过失,共同过失表现为基于一致的行为安排而作出一定行为,而该行为中含有可预见并可避免的致害可能性。
The joint dangerous act belongs to the joint tort where the person liable can＇ t be determined . The joint dangerous act and the joint tort where the portion of liability can＇ t be determined together constitute the type of objective joint tort. The possible causation justifies joint and several liability in the objective joint tort, so one who adduces evidence to prove that there is no cau- sation between his behaviour and the damage could be exempted from liability. The system of joint dangerous act also applies to the area of liability without fault. The distinctions of joint tort between the joint dangerous act and the joint negligence mainly de- pend on whether actors are common negligence. That tortfeasors＇ conducts where it is possible to foresee and avoid the damage are based on consistent behaviour arrangements characterizes the joint negligence.

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随着自由竞争发展到垄断，近代民法的所有权绝对、契约自由和过失责任的三大原则受到挑战，民法学界积极回应这种挑战的结果便是民法现代化理论的创新。然而，民法现代化理论使得民法自身陷入自我否定的危险境地。对此，经济法的兴起刚好承接了民法现代化无法承受之重，成为现代市场经济下国家调节社会经济的重要法律部门。
Developing from free competition to monopoly ,civil law’s three main principles ,ie abso-lute property ,freedom of contract and fault liability ,are being challenged .The result of the active re-sponse from the civil law field to the challenge is theoretical innovation of civil law modernization . However ,the civil law modernization theory has put civil law itself in danger of self-denial .In re-sponse ,the economic law rise just undertakes the burden that civil law cannot bear ,and has become an important legal department for the state to adjust society and economy in the modern market economy .

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