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双语推荐：间离

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《良相佐国》为英国戏剧家博伊特的一部历史题材作品。博伊特在该剧本的前言部分曾经提到,自己在该作品中运用了德国戏剧家布莱希特所提出的间离效果理论的手法,以期引发观众对作品深层次的思考。本文从间离效果理论的原理入手,探讨作者博伊特在其中所使用的间离理论手法及其取得的效果。
A Man for All Seasons is a famous historical script written by British playwright Robert Bolt .In the preface of the play , Bolt mentioned that he used a technique called verfremdungseffekt ( alienation effect ) devel-oped by German playwright Bertolt Brecht in order to induce audiences to think deeply in regard of the play .This essay starts from the principle of the alienation effect to discuss the technique that Bolt used in this play and the cor -responding effects .

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德国戏剧家布莱希特对中国戏曲情有独钟,因为他认为中国戏曲的表现方法及程式惯例与他的所谓"陌生化"及"间离"效果理论是一致的。不过他认为中国戏曲演员的表演是"冷静"的、不需要运用感情的以及演员与角色是"间离"的艺术观点则是错误的。
German dramatist Bertolt Brecht shows special preference to Chinese opera because in his eyes the expression techniques and patterns of Chinese opera are consistent with his so -called“defa-miliarization” and“alienation” theories.However , his ideas that the performances of Chinese opera performers are “calm” and in no need of emotion use , and that performers and roles “alienated” are wrong.

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针对串联布局飞行器级间采用冷分离模式时的气动问题进行了风洞试验,研究典型亚声速、超声速下级间夹角为零时,两级气动特性随级间距离以及迎角的变化规律。结果表明,在所研究的级间距离范围内,两级相互干扰未被隔绝,两级的轴向力系数变化规律与马赫数、级间距离和迎角有关;二级法向力系数CN基本不受级间距离影响,而在迎角较大的情况下一级CN会随级间距离的增大而增大。
The stage separation of tandem layout vehicle is a complicated problem,including shock interaction,flow separation,vortices,and so on.The phenomenon has a great effect on the aerodynamic characteristics and trajectory of the first and the second stage.The study of the stage separation between stages of tandem layout vehicle is indispensable.This paper analyses the aero-dynamic characteristics and flow mechanism of stage separation without j et by the wind tunnel test.The tests are conducted in the FD-06 Sub-Tran-Supersonic wind tunnel in CAAA.The test model is a two stages model with tandem layout,connected to a stage separation support system, the distance and angle between stages are variable in this system.The aerodynamic characteristics of the first and the second stage are obtained by two six-component strain-gauged balances.The aerodynamic characteristics of the first and the second stage are analysed at typical mach numbers when the two stages are in-line.The test results of the

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氧等离子体是星际物质的重要组分，其平均离化度是离化平衡的重要标志．对平均离化度和离子的分数分布与温度、密度间关系的研究在等离子体的温度诊断中起着重要作用．本文研究了温度在15～1000 eV内，密度在0.001～1 g/cm3范围内的氧等离子体的离子分数分布和平均离化度，分析了氧等离子体平均离化度随等离子体温度、密度的变化趋势．
As the oxygen plasma is an important component of interstellar matter ,the research of O plasma is very important .Average ionization degree is an important parameter which can describe the ionized balance of plasma . The average ionization degrees and fraction abundance of O plasma were studied in this work ,respect to different temperatures or different densities .The temperature spread from 15 to 1 000 eV and densities contains from 0.001 to 1 g/cm3 .The relationships between average ionization degrees and temperatures or densities are given .

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大花蕙兰与墨兰种间远缘杂交是培育具香味、易开花、早开花、抗性强的大花蕙兰品种的有效途径之一。本研究以大花蕙兰为母本，墨兰为父本进行种间杂交，共设计三个杂交组合。结果显示，同一组合子房不同离体时间培养萌发率差异明显，且不同组合间最适宜子房培养的离体时间有所差异。三个杂交组合最适宜的子房离体时间分别为授粉后90d、120d及100d，萌发率分别为80．0％、80．0％~60．0％。
Interspecific hybridization between Cymbidium hybridium and C. sinense is an effective approach to obtain fragrant, easy flowering, early flowering and disease resistant varieties. Interspecific hybridization was carried out with Cymbidium hybridium as female parent and with C. sinense as male parent. Three combinations of interspecific hybridization were designed. Ovary culture of hybrids was used to overcome the incompatibility between the species. The effect of different time in vitro of ovaries on ovary culture had been analyzed. The results showed that the germination rate had significant difference with the time in vitro of ovaries for the same combination. There were differences in the optimal incubation time for the ovary culture of three combinations. The optimal incubation time for the ovary culture of three combinations was 90, 120 and 100 days after pollination,and the germination rate could reach 80.0%, 80.0%and 60.0%, respectively.

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目的 利用有限元法分析比较L4椎弓根前端离断与后端离断并延长后对腰椎稳定性的影响.方法 利用1名28岁健康女性腰椎(L2～L5)CT影像数据,采用Mimics 14.0、Geomagic Studi0 2013、ANSYS 14.0软件建立腰椎(L2～L5)完整模型(完整组)、L4椎弓根前端离断并延长模型(anterior osteotomy of pedicle,AP组)、L4椎弓根后端离断并延长模型(posterior osteotomy of pedicle,PP组).在L2上分别施加400 N轴向压力及10 N·m纯力偶矩,模拟腰椎受轴向压力及前屈、后伸、左旋、右旋、左侧弯和右侧弯运动,记录AP组及PP组Von Mises应力云图及最大应力值,计算椎间运动范围(range of motion,ROM).结果 建立了正常人腰椎(L2～L5)有限元模型.AP组与PP组均在离断部位出现应力集中.在各个工况下,AP组与PP组应力分布差异明显,PP组应力分布相对较平均.椎间ROM比较显示:与完整组相比,PP组L4～L5、L3～L4椎间ROM变化范围较AP组小,AP组和PP组的L2～L3椎间ROM与完整组的相比比较接近.结论 椎弓根后端离断力学稳定性优于前端离断,且对邻近节段影响相对较小.
Objective To compare the biomechanical properties of the anterior osteotomy of pedicle (AP) and posterior osteotomy of pedicle (PP) by finite element analysis,and to explore the effects of the pedicle-lengthening osteotomy site on lumbar stability.Methods CT images were obtained from a 28-year-old female volunteer,and then the intact L2-L5,AP,and PP models were established and analyzed with Mimics 14.0,Geomagic Studio 2013,and ANSYS 14.0 software.The axial force of 400 N and moment couple of 10 N · m were loaded on the upper surface of L2 to simulate the flexion,extension,lateral bending,and rotation behaviors of the lumbar spine.The Von Mises stress distribution regularity of internal fixators and the maximum equivalent stress were evaluated,and the range of motion (ROM) were also analyzed.Results The intact model of lumbar spine (L2-L5) was established,and it was validated with the previously reported cadaveric experimental data from Yamamoto and Liu successfully.The stres

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介绍导线间串扰的理论模型和解析表达式，研究了导线间距离、导线距参考地高度，以及导线半径等参数变化对导线间串扰的影响。通过实验进行验证表明，导线间串扰随着导线间距离的增大而减小，随着导线距参考地高度的增大而增大。最后，为实验室检测和产品设计提出了相应的建议。
In this paper, the theory model and analytical expressions of crosstalk in wires are introduced. The effects of distance between two wires and height of wires to reference ground and wire radius are discussed. Verification experiments show that the crosstalk in wires increases with the distance between two wires decreasing or the height of wires to reference ground increasing. Meanwhile, corresponding suggestions were posed for laboratory tests and product design.

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采用电子密度拓扑分析法研究了由氧族和氮族元素双取代的类1，8双取代萘衍生物中离域键 E…E （E＝ⅤA，ⅥA元素）的性质。结果表明，O，S，Se，N，P和As取代的类1，8双取代萘衍生物分子中存在离域E…E键作用。此类E…E键属于弱相互作用。总的来说，氧族元素间形成的离域键强于氮族元素形成的离域键，且键的强度按O，S，Se或N，P，As的顺序逐渐减弱。其中E为O，S，Se，N，P形成的E…E键为静电作用，As…As键有部分共价作用。
The properties of a new delocalised E…E bonding(E= ⅤA ,ⅥA elements) in peri-1 ,8-disub-stituted naphthalene derivatives were studied by the electron density topological analysis method .The re-sults predicted the existence of the delocalized bonding of E …E bond for E=O ,S ,Se ,N ,P and As ,in the peri-1 ,8-disubstituted naphthalene derivatives .In total ,chalcogen…chalcogen bonding was stronger than nitrogen…nitrogen bonding .Topological analysis showed that this kind of E …E bonding belonged to weak interaction .The strength of the E…E bonding decreased in the sequence of O ,S ,Se or N ,P ,As .The E…E bonding are electrostatic interactions for E=O ,S ,Se ,N ,and P ,while the As…As bonding has partly cova-lent interaction .

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利用植物离体培养和遗传转化技术进行辣椒植株性状改良,培育新品种,可以克服物种间基因交流障碍,并且性状改良针对性强、目的明确,具有较高的研究价值和应用价值。本文对辣椒离体培养中营养器官与合子胚外植体体胚发生途径进行了综述,讨论了外植体种类、基础培养基、植物生长调节剂及其他添加物质、培养条件和预处理以及外源基因等对体胚发生的影响,并对今后的研究进行了展望。
Application of plant in vitro tissue culture and genetic transformation technology can improve plant characteristics,help breeding new varieties and overcome barriers for gene exchange be-tween species.And this kind of characteristics improvement has good pertinence and clear objective, thus having higher value both for research and application.This paper presents the research progress on pepper(Capsicum annuum L.)nutritive organs and zygotic embryo explants in vitro culture.It also discusses about the species of explants,basal media,plant growth regulators and other added substance,culture condition,pretreatments,and the effect of exogenous genes on somatic embryo. Moreover,the paper carries out prospection for future research activity.

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通过添加外源生长素，研究大花序桉离体根培养过程中的氧化酶的动态变化。结果表明：添加外源NAA 和 IBA，与无激素培养基间达到极显著差异；POD、IAAO 和 PPO 影响离体根的形成，其中 POD 和 IAAO活性在培养过程中呈下降→升高→下降的变化趋势，PPO 的变化趋势与相反，呈升高→下降→升高趋势；3种氧化酶相互作用，从而维持、提高或降解内源激素含量，使细胞朝着有利于根的方向发展。
The dynamic changes of Eucalyptus cloeziana oxidase activity in the process of in-vitro root cultures were investigated through adding exogenous auxin. The results show that comparing the in-vitro culture roots added exogenous NAA and IBA with the hormone-free culture roots, the differences between the former two and the latter reached very significant levels; POD, PPO and IAAO all affected the root system formation, of the three, IAAO and POD activities in the culturing process presented the changing trends first decreased then increased and finally decreased, PPO showed the opposite trend to be as first increased then decreased and finally increased; The interactions of three different oxidases maintained, improved or degraded the endogenous hormone contents and let the cells toward conductive to root development.

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