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双语推荐：雷暴云

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利用已有的二维雷暴云起电模式，加入气溶胶模块，建立一个完善的雷暴云起电模式。结合SEET个例，初步探讨了气溶胶浓度对雷暴云内各种水成物粒子荷电情况的影响。发现气溶胶的浓度与雷暴云内云滴、霰粒、冰雹以及雨滴等水成物粒子在空间所携带的最大电荷面密度值以及电荷量有很好的正相关性；同时气溶胶粒子浓度的增加使得雨滴在空间携带电荷量达到峰值的时间有一定提前。
In this article,a complete thunderstorm electrification model is proposed by adding the aerosol module to the existing two-dimensional thunderstorm electrification model. The SEET case is used to discuss the effect of dif-ferent aerosol concentration on the electric charge of various particles in thunderstorm cloud. The result shows that a good positive correlation exists between the aerosol concentration and maximum charge density/quantity carried by particles like the cloud droplet,graupel grain,hail or raindrop in the thunderstorm cloud,and the increase of the aerosol particle concentration will bring forward the time of the charges brought by the raindrop to reach its peak.

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为了提高电场联网数据的一致性，扩大雷暴监测范围，讨论了海拔对电场数据的影响及联网算法存在的问题，提出了一种大气电场数据的海拔校正方法。采用克里格法对2010年南京地区6~8月的电场数据进行联网实验，结合雷达回波资料，对双单体雷暴过程进行综合分析。结果表明，海拔校正方法能有效地修正电场数据，有助于提高大气电场仪的雷暴监测能力。由于各雷暴发展程度不同，雷暴云电荷结构存在差异，导致雷暴回波强度与电场分布不一致，甚至会出现互换的情况。
To improve the network data consistency and expand the field monitoring scope, the effect of altitude on electric field data and the existing problems in networking algorithm were discussed. An altitude correction method was proposed for atmospheric electric field data and the Kriging method used to networking, and the thunderstorm processes analyzed based on atmospheric electric field data in Nanjing from June to August 2010 , with the double monomer thunderstorm process comprehensively analysed. The results show that the altitude correction method can effectively improve the electric field network, and expand the monitoring scope of the electric field. Due to the dif-ferent levels of development of each thunderstorm, there are different charge structures of thunderstorm, resulting in an inconformity between the thunderstorm echo intensity and the electric field distribution, and the situation may e-ven be interchangeable.

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利用VLF/LF闪电定位系统数据,并结合多普勒雷达以及卫星云图资料,对2009~2010年较高纬度东北地区夏季的闪电与雷暴相关参数的关系进行了研究.结果表明:闪电多发生在雷达回波强度大于40dBz的区域,雷暴发生闪电时其30dBz雷达回波最大高度大于6km;在雷暴的演变过程中,闪电的峰值时间略滞后于30dBz雷达回波最大高度的峰值;闪电频数和30dBz雷达回波最大高度存在指数增长关系;闪电主要发生在云顶红外温度在210~240K的区域,在消散阶段,雷暴云云顶高度降低、红外温度较高.
The relationship between lightning activities and summer thunderstorms in the summer time during 2009 ~ 2010 in Northeast China was investigated by utilizing VLF/LF multi‐station network lightning data ,Doppler radar echo data and NCEP/CPC Global IR cloud‐top temperature data .T he results show that most of the lightning occurred in regions w here the radar echo exceeded 40 dBz , and the maximum height of 30 dBz radar echo of lightning‐producing thunderstorms exceeded 6 km .During the evolution of thunderstorms ,the peak time of flash rate slightly lagged behind the peak time of the max height of 30 dBz radar echo .The flash rate tended to increase exponentially with the maximum height of 30dBz radar echo .Lightning was observed to occur in regions with an IR cloud‐top temperature of 210~240 K ,and it seems that the IR cloud‐top temperature of lightning‐producing thunderstorms during the dissipation phase was warmer than that during other stages and that the height of c

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为了进一步认识雷暴云中影响起电的主要水成物类型,联合714XDP天气雷达观测到的偏振参量(Z_H、Z_(DR)、K_(DP)和p_(HV)),在利用模糊逻辑方法的基础上引入温度(T),对中国西北地区夏季雷暴云中的水成物类型进行识别,将水成物分为11种。参考S和C波段及少量的X波段偏振雷达的粒子识别研究,得到11种粒子对应的各偏振参量阈值。分析了2007年7月24日的一次观测过程几个时刻的偏振参量、地面电场、放电频数及识别结果,并与利用三维雷暴云动力电耦合数值模式模拟出来的粒子分布结果做了对比。结果表明,选取的偏振参量阈值基本合理,采用的模糊逻辑方法能有效、合理地识别出雷暴云内水成物的相态和分布,而且利用K_(DP)可以大致判断云内电荷区。
In order to understand the main hydrometeor types affecting the electrification within a thunderstorm,a fuzzy logic algorithm for the classification of hydrometeor based on Xˉband dualˉpolarization Doppler weather radar measurements is deˉ scribed.Four radar parameters,namely,horizontal reflectivity (Z H ),differential reflectivity (Z DR ),specific differential phase (K DP )and correlation coefficient (ρHV ),have been used in the algorithm.Hydrometeor is classified into 11 types which have closed relationships with the nonˉinductive electrification mechanism.The thresholds of polarizatic parameters for the 11 hydroˉ meteor types are obtained by refering to the research results of the hydrometeor classification using Sˉ,Cˉand Xˉband dualˉpoˉ larization weather radars.In addition,environment temperature is added to restrict the altitude range of every hydrometeor type.The hydrometeors of the two convection processes taking place on 24 July 2007 in northwestern China

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利用2005—2011年的静止卫星、常规探空和重要天气报资料,文章选取了18次典型区域性雷暴大风过程,在分析500 hPa天气形势基础上对导致雷暴大风的强对流云型进行了分类分析,其发展过程可划分为初始、发展、成熟和消亡四个阶段。对静止卫星观测的定量特征分析表明,对流云团中IR1通道和水汽(WV)通道的亮温差基本为负值,其值的不断减小预示着强对流在持续发展;在监测和预报雷暴大风天气时,需要特别关注长椭圆形强对流云带的右侧和其右侧的孤立对流云团,尤其是TBB(红外亮度温度)低负值区、TBB高梯度区、IR1和WV通道亮温差值区及大梯度区均配合的区域。在定性分析的基础上对静止卫星IR1与WV通道的亮温特征进行了定量统计分析,获得了雷暴大风出现站点附近的红外亮温、水汽亮温、IR1与WV通道亮温差和红外亮温梯度的分布情况,结果发现大部分站点的雷暴大风天气出现在以下时段:红外亮温由急剧下降到平缓下降之间的过渡期;IR1与WV通道亮温差由迅速下降转为缓慢下降或稳定少变的时间点前后,且多数处于IR1和WV通道亮温差由正转负临近的时间段内;红外亮温梯度达到最大的时间点附近或开始下降的时候。
Based on the satellite data,observational data of upper-air and significant weather report from 2005 to 2011,the weather situation at 500 hPa and the cloud patterns of 18 processes of thunderstorm high winds are classified and analyzed.The development of cloud patterns can be divided into 4 stages:initial, growing,mature and dissipating.The brightness temperature difference between IR1 channel and water vapor channel is mostly negative,and the number’s decreasing indicates that the severe convective clouds are still developing.We need to pay more attention to the right part or the right single-cell storm of the elongated strong convective clouds when we monitor and forecast the cloud system of thunderstorm high winds,especially the low TBB areas,the high TBB gradient part and the area coordinating with the nega-tive area of IR1 and WV channel brightness temperature difference.Quantitative statistical analysis of the characteristic value are made on the basis of subjective analysis,and

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结合VLF／LF全闪定位系统、多普勒天气雷达、探空资料，对2013年7月5日江苏地区一次典型飑线过程的全闪活动特征进行了详细分析。结果表明：云地闪比的下降、上升预示着飑线过程中雷暴的加强、减弱；云闪主要分布在4～8 km高度，云闪频数最大值出现在5 km处；结合云闪变化情况和探空资料推测雷暴云内电荷为三极性电荷结构；对流区的闪电密度远大于层状云区。相比于正地闪，负地闪集中在雷达回波的强对流区。云闪发生位置更具随机性，易发生在弱回波区和层状云区；闪电的发生与云顶高度有很高的相关性，云闪发生位置与剖面反射率因子中强回波区的发展有很好的一致性。
The characteristics of total lightning in a squall line in Jiangsu on July 5 ,201 3 are studied in detail by combining the data from VLF total lightning location system,Doppler radar and air sounding data.Results show that the descending,ascending of intracloud lightning ratio can respectively indicate the reinforcing,receding of thunderstorm in the process of the squall line.Intracloud lightning mainly distribute in 4-8 km.The maximum of introcloud lightning frequency appears in 5 km.Charge structure in thunderstorm cloud is inferred as tripole charge structure by combining the change of introcloud activity and sounding data.Lightning density in the convective re-gion is far higher than that in the stratiform region.Comparing with positive cloud-to-ground lightning,negative cloud-to-ground lightning draws its focus on the severe convection region of radar echoes.The location of intracloud lightning are more random and easy to happen in weak echoes region and stratiform regio

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文章讨论了深湿对流过程中的天气动力学过程(宏观过程)与云物理过程(微观过程)对云的形态特征、天气现象演变的影响和它们在降水过程中的作用,从天气动力学的角度阐述了雷暴移动发展过程,比较了不同性质云的降水量估算等基本问题。
This paper discusses the influence of synoptic dynamics (macro process)and cloud physics (mi-cro process)on cloudy configuration changes and evolution of weather phenomenon in deeply wet convec-tion,and their roles in precipitation evolution.The mechanism of thunderstorm’s motion and development is expressed in the light of synoptic dynamics,and precipitation estimation of different characteristic cloud is compared.

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为了深入了解张家口地区雷暴日时空变化特征,为雷电灾害风险评估及防雷减灾工作提供依据,利用1960—2013年近54年该地区14个地面气象观测站的雷暴观测资料,借助数理统计、线性拟合、气候倾向率等方法,对该区域雷暴日分布特征进行统计分析。结果表明：全市大部分区域处于＂中雷区＂范围,蔚县、怀安、尚义雷暴日数在40天以上,达到＂多雷区＂级别;该地区平均年雷暴日大多数年份在30~40天,年均雷暴日最多年为54.4天,最少年为28.9天;年代际分布呈现20世纪60—70年代间年均雷暴日缓慢减少,80年代呈明显偏多,90年代开始快速减少趋势;夏季雷暴最多,冬季无雷暴。雷暴日数月变化呈单峰抛物线型,其峰值位于7月。6—10月间,坝上地区各月月均雷暴日数均大于坝下地区。54年来历史最多月雷暴日数全区14个观测站均出现在7月;白天雷暴多于夜间。坝上地区13：00—16：00,坝下地区14：00—18：00容易发生雷暴。坝上地区雷暴持续时间以〉60 min的雷暴为多,坝下地区以30 min以内的雷暴为主。坝上最早雷暴初日与最晚雷暴终日较坝下均有所提前,两区域雷暴初终日及持续期平均状况差异较小。
In order to understand the climatic characteristics of thunderstorm in Zhangjiakou region and provide scientific basis for the risk assessment and reduction of thunder and lightning disaster, the thunderstorm observation data from the 14 ground meteorological stations in Zhangjiakou region in 54 years from 1960 to 2013 were statistically analyzed by mathematical statistics, linear fitting, climate trend rate method and so on. The results showed that: most of the counties in this region were in the moderate thunderstorm range, and Yuxian, Huai''an, and Shangyi county, thunderstorm days were more than 40 days, achieved multi-thunderstorm level. The average annual thunderstorm days in most years were between 30.0 and 40.0 days. They were up to the most of 54.4 days in 1990 and down to the least of 28.9 days in 1972. Decadal variations presented the characteristics of reducing-increasing-reducing again. There was an obvious seasonal thunderstorm, most in summer, no in winter. The

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利用青海省海南地区5个气象台站1961—2010年雷暴资料,采用倾向率、绝对变率和MK检验等统计方法分析了雷暴变化趋势和突变时间。结果表明,近50年来青海海南地区雷暴总体呈极显著减少趋势,每10年减少2.7 d,但各地变化特征不一致。年雷暴日数少的地区雷暴日数的减少趋势明显,而雷暴日数多的地区减少趋势不显著。雷暴的初日有推后的趋势,雷暴终日呈显著提前趋势;雷暴期呈显著缩短趋势,年雷暴日数在2000年发生了由多到少的突变。
U sing the thunderstorm data of 5 m eteorological stations in H ainan Prefecture of Q inghai Province during 1961-2010,and the statisticalm ethods of the rate of tendency, absolute rate of change and M -K test, the tem poral and spatial distribution characteristics, the trend of clim ate change and abrupt tim e of the thunderstorm w ere analyzed. T he results show ed that the total trend of thunderstorm had been decreasing in the H ainan prefecture ofQ inghaiProvince in the recent 50 years, at a rate of 2.7 day every 10 years to reduce;but there exist-ed differences in som e areas, w hen the thunderstorm in som e areas occured least,the decrease trend w as m ore obvi-ous there,how ever,itw as notobvious in the frequently thunderstorm activity. T he beginning day of thunderstorm w as de-layed, the last day of thunderstorm w as significantly ahead of norm al condition. T he period of annual thunderstorm w as shortened significantly,the days of annu-al thunderstorm show ed an abrupt chang

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利用1999-2008年新疆地面气象站的雷暴观测资料，从雷暴日的年、季、月、日等方面分析新疆境内雷暴活动的时空分布特征，并针对南、北疆的气候差异对比分析了雷暴活动特征的异同。结果表明：1999-2008年新疆年雷暴日数存在小幅波动，雷暴主要发生在每年的4-10月，每天的17-20时。雷暴活动存在一个沿天山南脉轴向为东北-西南向的带状高发区；南疆雷暴日数的年变化波动较北疆明显；夏、秋季南疆的雷暴日数多于北疆，尤其是秋季。
According to the thunderstorms observation data during 1999 to 2008, spatial and temporal distribution of thunderstorms activity in Xinjiang was analyzed, and the thunderstorms which occurred in southern Xinjiang were contrasted with that in northern Xinjiang to obtain similarities and differences.The results show that annual thunderstorm days had small scale of fluctuation during 1999 to 2008 in Xinjiang. Thunderstorms mainly occurred at 17 to 20 pm from April to October every year. There was an obvious northeast to southwest thunderstorm zone along the southern Tianshan Mountains. The fluctuation of annual thunderstorm days was more significant in southern Xinjiang than in northern Xinjiang. The number of thunderstorm days in southern Xinjiang was obviously larger than that in northern Xinjiang during summer to autumn, particularly in autumn.

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