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双语推荐：雾度

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采用在线化学气相沉积法在玻璃基片上制备FTO(SnO2:F)薄膜,并通过调整原料MBTC(C4H9SnCl3)的含量实现FTO薄膜的雾度可控。采用雾度计、分光光度计、X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜、原子力显微镜和四探针方阻计研究了不同雾度的FTO薄膜的微观结构和光电性能,并分析了雾度形成的机理。研究表明:随着MBTC投放量的增加,薄膜的晶粒粒径增大,膜层表面粗糙度增大,膜厚增加,雾度随之增加,同时晶粒趋向于(200)面生长;另一方面,随着雾度增加,透过率有所下降,薄膜的雾度与透过率是一对矛盾关系,高雾度和高透过率难以同时实现。
Haze controllable FTO (SnO2:F) films were prepared via on-line chemical vapor deposition on the floating glass substrates with various MBTC (C4H9SnCl3) contents. The structure and photoelectric properties of the films were investigated by haze-meter, spectrophotometer, X-ray diffractometer, scanning electron microscope, atomic force microscope and four-point probe sheet resis-tance meter, respectively. The haze formation mechanism was analyzed. The results show that the crystal size, the surface roughness of film, the film thickness and the haze increase with the increase of MBTC content. The crystals tend to the (200) plane growth when the MBTC content increases. The transmittance of film declines with the increase of the haze. It was found that it could be difficult to obtain the high haze and the high transmittance of the film simultaneously.

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从输变电设备防污闪角度讲，雾霾与传统的湿沉降、污(脏)雾是同一概念。雾霾对输变电设备外绝缘影响的研究，主要包括雾霾的理化特征、雾霾对绝缘子表面污秽度的影响、雾霾的模拟及其对绝缘子污闪电压的影响等内容。文章重点介绍了20世纪90年代以来北京、上海两地开展的试验研究工作：大气污染易演变成霾与雾霾天气，导致输变电设备外绝缘表面湿沉降的增加。雾霾脏污程度可用雾水电导率表征，雾霾的持续作用可使绝缘子表面污秽度有限增大，绝缘子污闪电压有所降低。近年来，国网公司系统坚持“绝缘到位，留有裕度”的防污闪方针，成功地抵御了雾霾天气对输变电设备的侵袭，遏制了大面积污闪事故的发生，线路污闪跳闸率降至历史最低水平。
In the viewpoint of preventing pollution flashover occurred on transmission and distribution equipments, the fog-haze is of the same concept as the traditional concept for wet deposition and dust fog. The research on the influences of fog-haze on external insulation of transmission and distribution equipments mainly includes the physical and chemical features of the fog-haze, the influence of the fog-haze on contamination level of insulator surface, the simulation of the fog-haze and its influence on pollution flashover voltage of insulators. The achievements of experimental research on the fog-haze performed in Shanghai and Beijing since 1990s are emphatically presented: atmospheric pollution easily evolves into the haze or the fog-haze weather, and it makes the increase of wet deposition on external insulation surfaces of transmission and distribution equipments; the smudgy degree caused by fog-haze can be characterized by fog conductivity;the sustained action of fog-haze makes the d

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传统的基于偏振特性的图像去雾方法近似认为大气偏振度为全局不变量，而未考虑场景深度信息对于偏振度的影响，导致离视点较远的场景区域去雾效果严重下降。提出一种基于偏振特性的图像去雾方法。该方法结合暗原色先验原理估计大气光强及场景深度信息，再利用景深信息对偏振度值进行求解，最终复原得到场景的辐射强度信息。实验结果表明，该算法能够有效恢复雾天图像细节信息，获得满意的视觉效果。
Traditional image defogging method based on polarisation characteristics considers approximately the degree of atmosphere polarisation as a global invariable,but does not consider the influence of scene depth on polarisation degree,which leads to the defogging effect declining seriously on the scene areas which are far from the viewpoint.Based on this fact,we propose a new image defogging method which is based on polarisation characteristics.Combining the principle of dark primaries priori,the method estimates the intensity of atmospheric light and the depth of scene,then uses the scene depth information to solve the value of polarisation degree,finally gets the radiation-intensity information of the scene by restoring.Results of the experiments indicate that this algorithm can effectively restore the details of foggy images.

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以聚碳酸酯(PC)为基材,丙烯酸类和有机硅类树脂作光扩散剂,研究不同种类、用量和粒径的光扩散剂对PC基光扩散材料力学性能、透光率和雾度的影响。结果表明,加入有机硅类光扩散剂对PC基光扩散材料的拉伸强度基本无影响,对缺口冲击强度有一定影响。光扩散剂的粒径在一定范围内对PC基光扩散材料的雾度有影响,粒径大的其雾度稍高。光扩散剂用量对PC基光扩散材料的透光率和雾度影响较大,添加质量分数为0.3%的有机硅类光扩散剂C时,PC基光扩散材料的有效光扩散系数达到76.7%,透光率为80.8%,雾度为94.9%,具有很好的实际应用价值。
10.3969/j.issn.1001-3539.2013.05.006

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以某市雾霾天气为例，找出导致该市雾霾发生的原因并建立相关的故障树，通过分析得出导致该市发生雾霾的主要原因为气象和人为原因。然后利用模糊综合评判法，对该市雾霾污染程度进行了量化评判，得出该市雾霾污染程度为重度污染，便于该市相关部门做好防范措施。结果表明，利用故障树分析法和模糊综合评判法对雾霾天气进行分析是可行的，为其他雾霾城市分析提供了参考依据。
By choosing fog-haze of a city and figuring out the causes of fog-haze weather,this paper established a fault tree.And the analysis revealed that it was mainly atmosphere and human beings that caused fog-haze weather.Then,this pa-per used fuzzy comprehensive evaluation to evaluate on the levels of fog-haze of the city,reaching the conclusion that it ranked general.So it was easy for the city to take precautions.The results show that it is feasible to analyze and evaluate the city’s fog-haze weather by fault tree analysis and the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method.

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研究了丙丁二元无规共聚聚丙烯中丁烯含量对聚丙烯产品光学性能和力学性能的影响,丁烯含量越高聚丙烯的透光率和简支梁冲击强度越高,拉伸屈服强度、弯曲弹性模量和雾度越低。研究透明成核剂、复合抗氧剂、除酸剂对无规共聚聚丙烯的透光率、雾度等透明性能的影响。制备的透明无规共聚聚丙烯的雾度为8.5%,透光率为94.7%,弯曲模量为1215 MPa。
The effect of butylene content in the polypropylene random copolymer and the amount of nucleating agent was studied.When the transmittance and the Charpy impact strength of polypropylene butylene content were higher , the tensile yield strength , bending elastic modulus and fog degree was low.Complex antioxidant and acid scavenger on the light transmittance and haze of transparent polypropylene random copolymer prepared were 8.5%and 94.7%, separately.The flexual modulus of it was 1 215 MPa.

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为提高船舶在雾天航行的安全性,将图像去雾算法应用于船舶实际营运中.建立雾天退化物理模型,采用暗黑通道先验知识初步估计海上图像的透射率,利用引导图像滤波对初步估计的透射率进行细化.针对海上图像大面积天空的特点,对全局大气光的估计进行改进,最后,根据雾天成像的物理模型恢复出无雾图像.采用MatLab2012平台对实船采集的有雾图像进行去雾,去雾后图像色彩失真度较小,海上目标能够得到清晰的恢复,且去雾所用时间短,说明该算法可应用于雾天船舶航行.
In order to improve ship navigation safety in the fog, an image haze removal algorithm was applied to the actu-al operation of the ship .The fog degraded physical model was established, and dark channel prior knowledge was prelimina-rily used to estimate sea image transmission map , then the guided image filtering was used to refine the preliminary trans-mission map.The characteristics of a large area of sky light of sea image were considered to improve the estimation of global atmospheric.Finally, the haze removal sea image is recovered based on the above physical mode .Haze removal algorithm is applied to foggy image acquired by real ship on MatLab 2012 platform.The haze removal images have a smaller degree of color distortion, and sea targets can be clearly recovered andthe cost time of haze removal is short , which indicate that the algorithm applying to ship sailing in fog is feasible .

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分别用间隙为1，2mm的口模做低密度聚乙烯（LDPE）和线型低密度聚乙烯（LLDPE）的挤出吹塑薄膜试验，测试了薄膜的撕裂强度和雾度。结果表明：口模间隙对吹塑薄膜的影响不同。窄（即小间隙）口模得到的LLDPE薄膜的雾度和横、纵向撕裂强度均优于宽口模（即大间隙），因此，窄口模适合生产LLDPE吹塑薄膜；宽口模得到的LDPE薄膜的雾度、透光率及撕裂强度在适当的条件下优于窄口模，因此，宽口模适合生产LDPE吹塑薄膜。
The film extrusion blowing experiments of low density polyethylene (LDPE) and linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) were performed through different width of die gaps (die gap 1 mm and 2 mm). The tear strength and haze of the blown films were tested. The results indicate that the width of the die gaps has different influences on the blown films of LDPE and LLDPE. The haze and tear strength in machine and transverse direction of the LLDPE film prepared by the narrow die gap are superior to those of the film by the wide die gap. Therefore, the narrow die gap is suitable to blow LLDPE film. The haze, transparency and tear strength of LDPE film prepared by the wide die gap are better than those of the film by the narrow die gap. Consequently, wide die gap is appropriate for film blowing of LDPE.

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利用常规观测资料,对2011年11月26-28日沈阳桃仙机场出现持续大雾天气进行客观分析与应急服务总结。结果表明:此次大雾的天气过程具有混合型的特点,雾的性质随着时空变化而转变,由锋面雾、辐射雾和平流雾交替转换。其中,冬季桃仙机场"口袋型"地势与地面风配合有利于大雾的形成与维持;850-700hPa之间弱的正散度区,促进了上升运动区与下沉运动区的界面中的逆温层的维持;后续925 hPa低空湍流的发展对大雾消散起到了关键作用。
Based on the conventional observation data, an objective analysis is made for causes of the continuous heavy fog occurred on November 26 to 28, 2011, at Taoxian airport. Results show that the heavy fog weather has the characteristics of mixed nature, with alternate occurrence of frontal fog, radiation fog and convection fog. Among all the causes, the ‘pocket’-shape terrain of the airport with surface wind in winter is conductive to the formation and maintenance of the fog. And weak positive divergence zone between 850 to 700hpa promotes the maintenance of inversion layer between upward motion and downward motion. The subsequent 925hpa low turbulence plays a key role on the fog dissipation.

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为现场测量大型透明件的透光率和雾度,提出了基于双积分球结构的测量和系统参数标定方案,并设计研制了相应的透光率和雾度测量装置。该装置通过六维机械调整装置完成光路调整,基于LED光源的照明准直系统产生调制平行光,最后采用双积分球结构的探测接收装置并结合锁相放大技术,实现光电信号的解调。测试结果表明,该装置对透光率测量的绝对误差不超过1%,对雾度测量的绝对误差不超过0.3%,符合工程应用对系统测量精度提出的要求。另一方面,装置具有很好的重复性,其对透光率和雾度测量的相对标准差分别为0.06%和0.05%。
In order to obtain the luminous transmittance and haze of large transparent compo-nent in field ,measurement scheme and method of calibration of system parameters based on double integrating spheres structure were presented .Furthermore the testing device was de-signed and manufactured .The optical path of device was adjusted by 6 dimensional mechanical adjustment structure firstly .Then the modulated directional light was generated by the illumi-nation and collimation system based on LED source . Finally by using the detective part of double integrating spheres structure and the phase-locked amplifier technology ,the signal was demodulated accordingly .T he testing result show s that ,by using the device ,the absolute er-ror of light transmittance is no more than 1% and that of haze is no more than 0 .3% ,w hich meet the precision requirement of engineering application .Moreover the repeatability of device was also good .The relative standard deviation of luminous transmittance and ha

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