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双语推荐：Yersinia

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利用虚拟机VMware与GNS3网络设备互联技术，在单机环境中搭建了一个典型网络架构的攻防实战演练平台。结合Ubuntu下的Yersinia攻击工具，实例给出了对Windows 2003 Server下的DHCP服务器和热备份路由（HSRP）汇聚交换机的具体攻击过程和相应的防御措施，验证了VMware和GNS3构建虚拟网络实验平台的可行性，为学习和研究网络攻防技术提供了一条实战演练的有效途径。
Making use of virtual machine VMware connected to GNS3 network equipment ,this paper proposes a network attack and defense combat exercise platform of typical network architecture in the single computer environment .Combined with the attack tools of Yersinia in Ubuntu ,experimental case puts forward detailed attack process and corresponding defense measures for DHCP Server of the Windows 2003 Server operation system and hot standby routing protocol (HSRP) aggregated switch ,verifies the feasibility of VMware and GNS3 to construct a virtual network experiment platform ,and provides an effective way to combat exercises for learning and research of network attack and defense technology .

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目的：检测LGC盲样中的小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌并对过程和结果进行探讨。方法①分离培养法。②实时荧光PCR法。结果两者均检出小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌。结论两种方法的有效结合对目标菌检出有更重要的意义。
Objective To detect Yersinia enterocolitica in LGC blind sample and probe into the process and results. Methods①Isolated culture method.②Real-time fluorescence PCR method.Results Yersinia enterocolitica was de-tected by both methods.Conclusion The effective combination of the two methods has more important significance to detect Yersinia enterocolitica.

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采集青岛市大沽河下游潜水含水层的砂样为代表性含水介质,测定样品的组成和性质。设计渗流试验,考察介质不同渗流段渗透性的动态变化。利用PCR和DGGE技术鉴定了造成含水介质堵塞的微生物优势菌群,分析了不同渗流段微生物对营养物和氧的利用情况,探讨了含水介质微生物堵塞过程及机理。研究结果表明,生物堵塞程度随着渗流距离的增加而减缓,含水介质的渗透性呈现明显的非均质性。微生物经过短暂的适应期,快速进入生长、繁殖阶段,含水介质微生物堵塞迅速形成;造成含水介质微生物堵塞的优势菌群为甲基杆菌属(Methylobacterium)、紫色杆菌属(Janthinobacterium)、耶尔森菌属(Yersinia)、葡萄球菌属(Staphylococcus)、食酸菌属(Acidovorax)。其中,甲基杆菌属、紫色杆菌属、葡萄球菌属和食酸菌属均为产黏细菌(Myxobacterium);含水介质中存在微生物的繁衍、代谢等生命活动。进水营养液为好氧微生物的生长、繁殖提供了充足的氧气,好氧细菌生长旺盛,并大量分泌胞外聚合物,导致进水段微生物堵塞程度最严重。
Sand samples collecting from the Dagu River in Qingdao city were used as representative aquifer medium, and measured the composition and properties. Percolating experiments were conducted to investi?gate the dynamic changes of different flow systems. The molecular biological technology PCR-DGGE was used to identify the advantage microorganisms inducing bioclogging. In addition,the use of nutrients and ox?ygen by microbial were analysis in order to discuss the bioclogging process and its mechanism. The results indicate that the degree of bioclogging in aquifer media decreases as the percolating distances increase and the permeability of aquifer medium presents obvious heterogeneity. After a short adjusting period, microbial quickly enters a growth stage. Meanwhile, microbial clogging in aquifer media develops fast. The main mi?croorganism which causing bioclogging are Methylobacterium、Janthinobacterium、Yersinia、Staphylococcus as well as Acidovorax. In particular, Methylobac

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目的研究小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌(Y.e)人畜感染情况,探索传染来源。方法采集腹泻病人粪便标本和猪咽拭子进行Y.e常规分离鉴定。对分离株进行血清学分型,用PCR方法检测毒力基因,用脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)进行分子分型。结果从150例腹泻病人中分离到Y.e 3株,其中1株血清型为O∶3;从该O∶3株病患老家采集的222份猪咽拭子分离到Y.e 14株,都为O∶3血清型;PFGE分子分型显示病人体内分离到的致病Y.e与家猪分离株有较高的同源性。结论证实1例小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌从家猪传染人的病例,并发现Y.e在治愈病人体内至少存在了2个月。
Yersinia enterocolitica infection in humans and animals was investigated in this study to explore the source of infection .We collected samples from patients and pigs ,and then the strains were conducted to undergo serotyping ,virulence gene detection and PFGE molecular typing .Of the 150 patients samples ,3 were tested positive for Yersinia enterocolitica ,and one of them was O∶3 .Of the 222 pigs samples ,14 were tested positive for Yersinia enterocolitica ,and all of them were O∶3 .PFGE molecular typing showed that the Yersinia enterocolitica from patient and pig had high homology .Our study con-firmed that Yersinia enterocolitica from pigs could infect people and find that it could exist in the cured patient for at least two months .

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鼠疫菌素(Pesticin,Pst)是鼠疫耶尔森菌(Yersinia pestis,以下简称鼠疫菌)产生的一种细菌素,是鼠疫菌在代谢过程中通过核糖体合成机制产生并具有抑制在分类学上关系密切的一些菌株生长作用的活性多肽[1-2],它的作用受鼠疫菌素受体(Psn)制约.Pst是一种重要蛋白质,曾经被世界卫生组织(WHO)鼠疫专家委员会列为鼠疫菌的4种毒力决定因子之一[3],Pst Ⅰ检测是检查鼠疫菌毒力强弱的指标之一[1,4],对Pst Ⅰ敏感是田鼠型鼠疫菌的重要特征[5].
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Ⅲ型分泌系统是目前细菌中已知的最为复杂的分泌系统，也是致病性耶尔森菌包括鼠疫耶尔森菌、小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌和假结核耶尔森菌所共有的重要致病策略之一。简要综述了耶尔森菌Ⅲ型分泌系统的遗传构成、分泌装置的结构和组成、效应蛋白分泌及调控、效应蛋白的功能等方面的主要研究成果和研究进展。
Type Ⅲ secretion system(T3SS) is one of the most complicated secretion system in bacteria hitherto. Yersinia T3SS is a common pathogenesis mechanism shared by three human pathogenic Yersinia species, Y.pestis, Y. pseudotuberculosis and Y.enterocolitica. This review focused on the aspects of genetic elements composition of T3SS, structure and the assembly of the injectisome, secretion of effectors and its tight regulations and the molecular functions of effectors to present the current understanding of Yersinia T3SS.

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在细菌分析中,发展了很多基因分型技术,包括分析部分基因组信息的脉冲场凝胶电泳、多位点可变串联重复序列分析和差异片段分析技术等,以及基于全基因组信息的比较基因组学技术.在鼠疫菌的研究与应用中,很多技术得到了成功的应用.该研究主要与同期发表的有关鼠疫菌质粒谱的一篇论文和一篇鼠疫菌基因分型的综述相呼应,从实用的角度简述了各基因分型技术在鼠疫菌研究中的应用.
There are different genotyping techniques,including partial genomic information-based methods such as pulsed-filed gel electrophoresis (PFGE),multilocus variable tandem repeat analysis (MLVA),different region(DFR) analysis etc.,and whole genome-based comparative genomics,available for bacterial analysis.Many of them have been successfully applied in Yersinia pestis.In accompany with one paper on Yersinia pestis plasmid profiles and one review on genotyping analysis in Yersinia pestis,published in the same issue,this review briefed the different genotyping techniques in focus of their applications.

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目的 对云南省鼠疫菌株进行基因分型,探究云南各型菌株之间的内在联系.方法 选取云南家鼠、野鼠及玉龙鼠疫菌共171株进行试验,采用鼠疫菌基因组23个差异片段(DFR)进行分型,并运用BioNumerics 5.0进行聚类分析.结果 23个差异片段将171株鼠疫菌分为7个基因组型:Genomovar5、Genomovar7、Genomovar9型及4个新发现的基因型.7株玉龙型菌株都为Genomovar5基因型;16株野鼠型(滇西纵谷型)鼠疫菌株被分为3个基因型,其中13株为Genomovar7基因型,2株为Genomovar9基因型,1株为新发现的Genomovar-yn1基因型;148株云南家鼠型(滇闽居民型)鼠疫菌株被分为4个基因型,其中145株为Genomovar9基因型,3株为3个新发现的基因型,分别为Genomovar-yn2、-yn3、-yn4基因型.生态型聚类分析显示,玉龙型鼠疫菌株与滇西纵古型(野鼠型)菌株的基因型较为相似(87.20％),与滇闽居民型(家鼠型)相似度较小(73.75％).2株滇西纵谷型菌株与滇闽居民型的主基因型同为Genomovar9基因型.滇西纵谷型Genomovar-yn1基因型与Genomovar7基因型相似,但缺失DFR11.滇闽居民型Genomovar-yn2、-yn3、-yn4基因型与Genomovar9基因型相似,但分别缺失了DFR10、DFR9、DFR 11.结论 在野鼠型鼠疫菌株中新发现了1种基因型,在家鼠型鼠疫菌株中新发现了3种基因型,在野鼠型鼠疫菌株中发现了家鼠型鼠疫菌株.玉龙鼠疫菌株的基因型与滇西纵谷型(野鼠型)菌株的基因型相似较高,与滇闽居民型(家鼠型)菌株的基因型相似度较小.
Objective To genotype Yersinia pestis and explore intrinsic relationship among different ecotypes of Yersinia pestis in Yunnan foci.Methods A total of 171 strains from three types of Yersinia pestis,house mouse,wild-type mouse and Yulong Yersinia pestis,were tested.Twenty-three different regions (DFR) were used to genotype and cluster analysis was performed using BioNumerics 5.0.Results A total of 171 Yersinia pestis were divided into 7 genotypes by 23 DFRs,which were Genomovar5,Genomovar7,Genomovar9 and 4 newly discovered genotypes.The genotypes of all Yulong plague were Genomovar5.The genotypes of the 16 strains of wild-type mouse plague (the highland of northwestern Yunnan Province type) were divided to 3 genotypes,13 of them were Genomovar 7,2 of them were Genomovar9,and 1 of them was newly discovered genotype Genomovaryn1.The genotypes of the 148 strains of house mouse plague(the residential area of Yunnan and Fujian Provinces type) were divided into 4 genotypes,145 of them were G

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目的利用DNA重组技术,在大肠杆菌中获得融合表达的鼠疫耶尔森氏菌YopD抗原基因。方法根据查找文献及基因比对选取了鼠疫菌重要功能蛋白-YopD蛋白。利用分子克隆技术克隆后,在原核系统中进行表达。根据云南玉龙菌株(D106004)全基因组序列设计引物,PCR扩增目的基因片段。采用pET-32a(+)作为表达载体,通过双酶切和连接反应,将目的基因片段定向插入载体中,构建重组表达质粒。IPTG诱导,使重组质粒在其宿主菌E.coli BL21(DE3)中表达。结果在大肠杆菌中成功获得了融合表达蛋白,即重组YopD蛋白。结论以质粒pET-32a(+)作为表达载体,鼠疫菌重要功能蛋白YopD能够在大肠杆菌E.coli BL21(DE3)中稳定高效地表达,为鼠疫潜在诊断靶点及新型疫苗选择的可能性奠定了基础。
Objective To obtain YopD protein of Yersinia pestis in vitro by DNA recombination techniques. Methods According to the literature review and genes comparison,the important functional protein of Yersinia pestis,YopD was selected,and cloned by using molecular cloning techniques,in prokaryotic sys-tems for expression.According to the complete gcnome sequence of Yersinia pestis strain D106004,detec-tion primers were designed.The target DNA fragments were amplificated by polymerase chain reaction. Plasmid DNA pET-32a(+)acted as expression vector.By two different restriction enzymes and T4 DNA Ligase,the PCR products were cloned into pET-32a(+)in correct direction.The reconstructed plasmid was then transformed into E.coli BL 21.The fusion proteins were induced by IPTG to be expressed in E.coli BL21.Result In E.coli BL21 one fusion protein,namely restructured YopD was successfully obtained. Conclusion Y.pestis important functional protein YopD was stably and effectively expressed in E.coli BL

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目的 了解中国鼠疫耶尔森菌不同分离株之间的染色体结构差异,探索染色体重排在鼠疫菌中发生的原因及用于菌株遗传特征识别和亲缘关系分析的可能性.方法 以完成全基因组测序的首株鼠疫菌株CO92(美国)为参考株,以从中国分离出的已完成全基因组测序的4株鼠疫菌株(内蒙古91001、云南剑川D182038、云南玉龙D106004、西藏那曲Z176003)为对比株,根据美国国立生物技术信息中心网站(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genome)上公布的这5株鼠疫菌的染色体序列及染色体上所有编码基因序列间的相似性,将鼠疫菌染色体人为的划分成多个大的DNA节段(染色体板块),确定这些板块在不同鼠疫菌株间排列方式的差异以及板块之间的断裂区片段的基因组成;根据菌株两两比较所得的重排差异结果,分析菌株间的亲缘关系.结果 除Z176003菌株外,CO92、D182038、D106004、91001菌株可被分成44个相对独立的染色体板块,板块内部基因组成和排列高度稳定,板块之间可以相对移动.与参考株CO92菌株比较,D182038、D106004菌株染色体均存在13处重排,Z176003菌株染色体存在14处重排,91001菌株染色体存在37处板块排列顺序的改变.菌株间两两比较,D106004与Z176003菌株之间仅有8处染色体板块排列方式不同,表明二者的亲缘
Objective To study the differences of chromosomal structure among Yersinia pestis strains isolated from China,and to investigate the reasons of chromosomal rearrangement events occurred in Yersinia pestis as well as the possibility of strain identification and phylogenetic analysis based on the chromosomal rearrangement features.Methods According to the genome sequence data downloaded from web of National Center for Biotechnology Information (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genome),alignment of all the coding sequences (CDSs) among five strains(American strain CO92 as reference and other four completely sequenced strains from Inner Mongolia,Jianchuan of Yunnan,Yulong of Yunnan,Naqu of Tibet in China named 91001,D182038,D106004 and Z176003 as comparison strains) was performed,and then the chromosome of Yersinia pestis was divided into several large DNA segments (named chromosomal plate in the text) according to the similarity of CDSs.Plate arrangement patterns in each strain'' s c

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