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双语推荐：国际环境公约

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国际环境公约的有效性包括减排有效性与社会福利有效性两个方面，强调一个有效的国际环境公约在减排的前提下提高社会福利的功能。然而，基于Carraro＆Siniscalco1993和Hoel1992的同时博弈模型，本文发现全合作是有效的却是不稳定的。将他们的模型拓展为无限期的重复博弈后，发现基于远期收益考虑的情况之下，一个全合作的国际环境公约是可以被子博弈完美均衡所支持的。另外，在证明中，本文也给出了折现因子的下界。
In this paper, the efficiency of International Environmental Agreements (IEAs)is defined in terms of emission reducing and maximizing joint social welfare .It emphasizes IEAs’ improvement on the social welfare without increasing the pollution.For the simultaneous model in Carraro & Siniscalco (1993)and Hoel(1992), we show that the outcome of full cooperation is efficient but not stable .When the benchmark model is extended to infinitely repeated game, we show that full cooperation is supported by subgame perfect equilibrium .And, the lower bound of the discount factor is also provided .

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气候变化、臭氧层破坏等全球环境问题日趋严峻,国际环境合作快速发展,但发达国家向发展中国家的环境技术转让效果始终不佳。随着经济实力的增强,中国从环境公约中获得资助或补偿的机率正在减少。在履行环境公约义务时,中国应探索创新双边和多边环境合作机制,通过量化技术转让效果、建立环境技术交流与评估平台等措施获得更多技术支持。
Climate change, ozone depletion and other global environmental challenges arebecoming pressing, which promotes the multilateral environmental agreements to develop rapidly. The environmental-sound technology transfer from developed to developing countries is not effective however. With the rapid growth, China will get less capital and technological supports from the international agreements. China has to create new bilateral/multilateral collaboration mechanisms to obtain technological supports through quantifying the transfer effects, establishing a technology transfer platform and other strategic measures.

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本文介绍了《2009年香港国际安全与无害环境拆船公约》及其附则《拆船规则》的主要内容，特别是有害材料清单证书（IHM）的关键点，分析了与现行环保措施的本质区别，结合造船的特点分析了公约对造船业的重要影响与挑战，并根据分析和判断对造船企业提出了应对的建议。
This paper introduces the Hongkong International Convention and its annex Regulations for Recyling of Ships, especially in the Certiifcate on Inventory of Hazardous Material (IHM), points out the essential difference compared with the current environmental protection measures and, analyzes the important inlfuence and challenge of the Conventions’ effective. It also gives some positive suggest of countermeasures for China shipyards based the analysis and judgment of shipbuilding procedure.

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20世纪50至60年代,环境污染和生态破坏日益严重,联合国环境规划署(UNEP)应运而生。作为联合国系统内最早成立的专门处理环境问题的机构,它与其他组织一起,举办专业会议,召开学术性讨论会,协调签署国际公约、宣言及议定书,并积极敦促各国政府兑现宣言和公约,促进环境保护的全球统一步伐,在保护地球环境和区域性环境方面发挥着不可或缺的作用,不断奠定其权威地位。本文从气候变化、灾难与冲突、环境治理、生态系统管理、有害物质和危险废物、资源效率等方面,对规划署的行动及影响进行分析。
In 1950s to 1960s, environmental pollution and ecological damage were becoming more and more serious. The United Nations Environment Programme（UNEP） emerged under this condition. As the earliest speeial institution dealing with the environment in UN system, UNEP organized professional conferences, academic seminars with other organizations, assisting members to sign international conventions, declarations and protocols, urging governments to deliver declarations and promote unification of environmental protection. UNEP plays an indispensable role in protecting the global and regional environment, consolidating its authority. This paper analyzes the UNEP＇s actions and effects, including climate change, disasters and conflicts, environmental governance, ecosystem management, harmful substances and resource efficiency.

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自由贸易协定中纳入环境保护规定是提高自由贸易中的正环境效应,同时避免或减轻负面环境影响的保障,已经逐渐成为新型国际自由贸易谈判中的重要内容。以跨太平洋战略经济伙伴关系协定为代表的新型自由贸易谈判,试图在协定中丰富环境条款,例如环保原则、国际环境公约、环境标准、争端解决机制、环境产业和服务、环境合作和能力建设等。我国也开始在自贸谈判中纳入环保要求,基于最新的政策要求,我国应积极赶上国际自由贸易谈判中环境保护的新要求,推动贸易与环保政策的深度融合。
Being an effective way to enhance the positive environmental effects and abate the negative environmental effects during the international commences, environmental regulation has been gradually incorporated into the international free trade negotiation as an important content. Represented by the Trans-Pacific Partner Trade Agreement, the new free trade negotiation is try-ing to enrich its environmental contents, such as environmental principles, international environ-mental treaties, environmental standards, confliction resolving mechanism, environmental products and services, environmental cooperation and capacity building, etc. China has already incorporated the environmental considerations into the free trade negotiation and made some achievements, but according to the new national policy requirements, China should passively make efforts to meet the new environmental requirements of international free trade negotiation and facilitate the integration of commercial and environmental p

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从船舶压载水管理这一新的环境保护领域入手,在阐释各国防控船舶压载水造成环境损害的国内立法和相关国际公约的基础上,论述了WTO环境规则中与其相关的条款和协议,分析了船舶压载水管理立法对贸易规则的适用与遵循,使其不构成变相的贸易限制。
In this paper, from the perspective of ship’s ballast water management, the new topic in the field of environment protection, domestic legislation and international convention related to the control and prevention of the environmental damage caused by ship’s ballast water were explained. The related causes and protocol in WTO environmental rulers were discussed. Also, application on and following to the trade rulers when carrying out ballast water legislation was analyzed, so as to avoid disguised trading limitation.

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随着《2009年香港国际安全与无害环境拆船公约》与欧盟（EU）1257/2013船舶回收法规的通过,船舶涂料企业需要面对有害物质清单的编制与有害物质控制的问题。通过分析涂层中有害物质的含量与来源,探讨如何进行有害物质的控制与有害物质清单的编制。
To follow Hong Kong International Convention for the Safe and Environmentally Sound Recycling of Ships,2009 and Regulation(EU)No 1257/2013 on ship recycling,marine coatings manufacturer need to face the problems about preparation for the hazardous substances list and carrying out hazardous substances control process. Through analysis of the content and source of hazardous substances in the coating,how to control hazardous substances and prepare hazardous substances list were discussed.

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南海周边国家快速的经济发展和城市化进程使南海海洋环境面临沿海栖息地退化、过度捕鱼和陆源污染等巨大风险。该区域在地理和生态上的互相依存决定了海洋环境保护区域合作的必性。按照现有的国际条约，各国负有进行区域合作的义务。然而其所属的联合国环境规划署18个区域海洋计划之一东亚海区域至今尚无区域条约，现有区域合作法律机制不足以解决跨界环境问题。复制其他区域已有模式不能有针对性地解决南中国海特有的环境问题。借鉴欧洲经济委员会《跨界水道和国际湖泊保护和利用公约》，通过有法律拘束力的区域协定和强调实效的过程导向分区域协定的双层结构框架，为实现该区域海洋环境保护有效合作的可行模式。
Rapid economic development and urbanization progress of the coastal countries along South China Sea put the maritime environment into the huge risk of the degradation of coastal habitat, over-fishing and polluted land resources and so on. The geographical and ecological interdependence among this area determines the ne-cessity of regional cooperation about the maritime environmental protection. According to the current international conventions, it is the duty of those countries to carry out the regional cooperation. However, no any regional conventions have been made up till now in the East Asian waters that is one of the 18 Regional Sea Programmes (RSPs) under United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). The current legal framework of regional coop-eration is not enough to deal with the trans-boundary environmental issues. And adopting the existent models from other regions is unable to specifically solve the particularly environmental issues in South China Sea. By vir-tue of Convent

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根据保护臭氧层的相关国际环境公约的要求,R22等制冷剂将会被逐步替代.目前可获得的制冷剂中,可燃制冷剂具有不破坏臭氧层、温室效应低等环保性能上的优势.然而,可燃性使得这些制冷剂的推广遇到了不少困难.出于安全角度考虑,在进行推广时必须要对制冷系统使用可燃制冷剂的风险进行评估,以便采取针对性的措施.本文对制冷剂常见的风险评估方法及提高制冷系统安全性能的方法进行了综述.
According to the international ozone layer protection protocols, R22 and otherwise will be phased-out. Flammable refrigerants, as the available alternatives, have advantage on environment performance, i.e. zero ozone depleting potential and low global warming potential. However, the flammability of these refrigerants makes lots of difficulties on their application. Due to safety consideration, risk assessments of the systems using flammable refrigerants must be carried out to propose corresponding measures. The risk assessment methods of refrigeration system and methods for improving the safety performance of the refrigeration system were summarized.

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在联合国环境规划署(UNEP)制定的国际《水俣公约》正式生效之前,本文对我国采用传统湿法工艺生产磷酸的废渣磷石膏对水环境污染的形势做了分析;实测了贵州磷石膏悬浊液中重金属含量,发现汞的含量很高。估算了贵州两大磷肥企业磷石膏渣堆向乌江排入悬浊液总量和汞与其它毒重金属的年排量。对全国汞排量最多的贵州省做了汞排结构分析,指出乌江干流水库遭磷石膏污染的严重危害,提出若干相应的环保对策。
Before the established by VNEP came into effect, in present paper the traditional wet process of producing phosphoric acid in China polluting water resource was illustrated. The waste material phosphogypsum bred in wet process caused pollution to water resource and in the suspension liquid of phosphogypsum, the contents of heavy metal were found far high, especially mercury. Total quantities for years of mercury as well as other poisonous heavy metals and suspension liquid of phosphogysum from two large phosphoric factories in Guizhou were appraised. The Structure of mercury emis-sion was also analyzed in Guizhou province, where the mercury drainage quantities were the largest in China. It is indicated that hosphogypsum pollution endangered reservoirs in Wujiang River and some suggestions corre-sponding to the environmental protection were proposed.

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