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双语推荐：屯田

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唐朝重视经营西域,在一统西域后进行了大规模的屯垦开发活动,尤以开元年间最为典型。在对西域的屯田规模、产量等问题分析的基础上,认为开元年间的西域屯田绩效显著,但在粮食供给上尚不能自给自足,仍需和籴以补军用。
In the Tang Dynasty ,great attention was paid to the management of the Western Regions .Extensive garrison reclamation was carried out after the reunification of the Western Regions ,particularly in Kaiyuan reign (713-741) .Based on the analysis of scale ,yield and others ,the paper pointed out that the results of the garrison reclamation in the Western Regions were noteworthy ,while autarkic food supply was out of the question and harmonious purchase of grains replenished the vacancy of the garrison soldiers''food consumption .

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唐代屯田实践中,荒地始终是设置屯田的首选土地类型。荒地置屯的合法性不仅见诸唐代成文法律体系,也见诸唐代帝王颁布的诏敕,并得到时人及后世名臣的广泛认可。这与荒地自身的法律属性及随之产生的置屯内在合理性紧密相关。
Wasteland was the first choice for land reclamation in Tang Dynasty .The legitimacy of recla-mation of and settlement on wasteland was stated in written legal documents and imperial edicts .And it has been widely recognized by the then people and famous officials in following centuries .That situation is caused by the legal property of wasteland and resulting internal rationality of reclamation and settle -ment .

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自汉代以来,柳中就是西域重要的屯田基地,唐代柳中所在西州成为唐朝经略西域的后方基地。此后,至少自清代以来包括哈密、吐鲁番在内的整个东疆是新疆最为安定、经济最为发展的地区之一。柳中是东疆社会的缩影,研究柳中社会稳定与屯田的关系,对于今天维护东疆地区乃至新疆的稳定及新疆生产建设兵团建设有着历史借鉴意义。
Since the Han Dynasty ,Liuzhong is an important base of the garrison reclamation in the Western Re-gions .During the Tang dynasty ,Xizhou became a rear base for the economic strategy in the Western Regions .At least since the Qing Dynasty ,the entire eastern Xinjiang including Hami ,Turpan ,is one of the most stable ,eco-nomically developed area .Liuzhong is a microcosm of society Eastern Xinjiang ,so the study on the relationship of social stability and garrison reclamation has a typical reference for maintenance for today''s eastern Xinjiang region and the stability in Xinjiang and Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps .

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杨应琚在雍正、乾隆朝两任西宁道、陕甘总督，他在西北为官期间正值清军平定准噶尔、大小和卓叛乱及处理善后事宜。任职期间，他调整了西宁府、安西和新疆东部的军政建置及陕甘总督管辖范围，并在西宁地区、肃州、巴里坤、哈密、乌鲁木齐等地组织屯田，大力发展边疆文化教育和其他利民措施。从政治、军事、经济、教育等方面促进了西北边疆的发展，维护了边疆的稳定。
Yang Yingju assumed the post of governor for Xining Dao, and Shanaxi and Gansu Provinces for two terms when emperors Yongzheng and Qianlong reigned. During that period, the Qing Dynasty sup-pressed Jungar Mongolian rebel and Khoja rebels successively, and then set about handling postwar affairs. During his term, Yang Yingju adjusted the military and administrative establishments in Xining Fu, Anxi, and east of Xinjiang, and the jurisdiction of Shanaxi and Gansu governor. In addition, he organized recla-mation in Xining, Suzhou, Barkol, Hami, and Urumqi, to forcefully develop education and other livelihood policies, which promoted the development in politics, military, economy and education in northwest China and maintained the frontier stability.

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中国西南的乌江流域地区,因长期远离中土且资源丰硕,历来是彝、苗、布依、土家、仡佬、侗等少数民族杂居之地。自元朝实现国家一统以来,封建朝廷对乌江流域的统治与经营较之前朝更为广泛深入。蒙元统治者不仅通过置设行省机构、推行土官制度等举措,极力强化当地的政治集权控制,而且还通过建立站赤驿道、开展军民屯田等方略,有力推动着当地的经济社会繁荣。
The Wujiang River basin in the southwest China, because of its abundant resource and far away from the middle part, has always been the place where the national minority lived together, such as Yi, Miao, Buyi, Tujia, Gelao, Dong and so on. Since Yuan Dynasty realized the national unification, the federal dynasty ruled the Wujiang River basin more extensively than before. The Yuan rulers strengthened the local political centralization control not only through establishing provincial organization and practicing government officials, but also through building courier station and carrying out having garrison troops or peasants open up wasteland and grow food grain, vigorously promoted the local economy prosperity.

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陈植锷先生遗著《石介事迹著作编年》对石介一生求学、仕宦经历、学术交游活动以及诗词文章的写作时间做了详尽挖掘研究,对石介生活时代的政治背景、学术界人物活动皆有阐发。但书中对石介部分作品如《麦熟有感》诗、《代郓州通判李屯田荐士建中表》、《上范思远书》、《上徐州张刑部书》、《上徐州扈谏议书》的写作时间的判定不尽准确,需予以辨析。
The posthumous work of Shijie’s Chronicle of Life Story and Work written by Mr Chen Zhi-e researched Shijie’stud-ying,experience of be an official and time of all articles written much detailedly and accurately.Meanwhile elucidated the political back-ground,activity of scholars and relationship between Shi-jie and other scholars in the time who live.But there were mistake time about the poetries and letter written by Shijie in the book,for example,the poetry of Feeling of Wheat Harvest,Wrote a Letter of Recommen-dation for Shi Jian-zhong instead of Li Tuntian Officer;Wrote a Letter to Fan Si yuan,Wrote a Letter to Xuzhou Zhang xingbu,Wrote a Letter to Xuzhou Hu jianyi,etc.The article will identity and correct these errors.

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曹玮为北宋开国元勋曹彬之子，历仕太宗、真宗、仁宗三朝，为北宋前期西北边疆最为著名的御边将领。曹玮为将，极负卓识，在其任间，制定联络吐蕃制约西夏之边策，成为有宋一代之基本国策。曹玮善于治军，亦极善用兵，故在西北边防保卫战中，屡建奇功。其守御西北边境近三十年，制定了许多御敌备边的制度与措施，如修筑寨城、疏浚堑壕、招募弓箭手屯田及团结蕃部以固边圉等。这些制度与措施多为后代沿用，成为宋代西北备边的基本法规。曹玮御边，虽历三朝，但其主要功绩尽在真宗一朝，故从曹玮的御边方策及事迹中，亦可看出，北宋真宗朝西北御边政策之一斑。
As the son of the founding father CAO Shan of Northern Song dynasty , CAO Wei, the famous imperial gen-eral to the boarder in the northwest China , in the early beginning of the dynasty .CAO wei during his position , constituted the policy of uniting the Tubo and restricting the Xixia , which became the main policy of the Dynasty .CAO Wei was good at leading the soldiers to fight against the invasions , from whom the regulations and policies were followed suit by the later generations.CAO Wei’s major contributions was in Zhenzong Period , Studying CAO Wei and his achievements , the impe-rial policy to the boarder of northwest could be glimpsed .

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