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双语推荐：缩合

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简单介绍了Darzens缩合反应,综述了α-卤代腈、α-卤代酮、α-卤代砜、α-卤代酯、α-卤代酰胺等与醛、酮的Darzens缩合反应以及氮杂Darzens缩合反应,对Darzens缩合反应的应用进行了总结和展望。指出应加强对Darzens缩合反应的系统研究,特别是对手性催化Darzens缩合反应及氮杂Darzens缩合反应的研究。
This review first introduced Darzens condensation,then discussed Darzens condensation of α-halonitriles,α-haloketones,α-halosulfones,α-haloesters,α-haloamides with aldehydes,ketones,respectively,and aza-Darzens condensation,and finally summarized and overviewed the application of Darzens condensation.Sys-tematic studies are clearly needed for Darzens condensation,and particularly asymmetric Darzens condensation and aza-Darzens condensation.

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固相研磨有机合成方法比传统的有机合成方法方便,易操作。在研磨条件下许多传统的反应可以在较温和的条件下进行,能有效的提高收率或反应的选择性。本文主要综述了固相研磨反应在Knoevenagel缩合、醇醛缩合、wittig缩合、Biginelli缩合、希夫碱缩合等缩合反应中的应用。
Compared with the traditional methodology , solid phase grinding method can be operated conveniently and easily.With solid phase grinding method , some traditional organic reaction can be performed under mild condition in higher yield or in better selectivity.The applications of solid phase grinding method in Knoevenagel condensation , aldol reaction, wittig reaction , Biginelli condensation and Schiff base condensation reaction were highlighted.

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介绍了半缩合低聚硅氧烷（简称半缩合POSS）的类别，阐述了半缩合POSS的制备方法与途径，分析了各自的优缺点，并对半缩合POSS改性材料（包括改性环氧树脂、丙烯酸树脂、有机硅、聚氨酯等）的最新研究进展进行了描述，指出了半缩合POSS的发展与应用前景。
The types and preparation methods of incompletely condensed silsesquioxanes (POSS)are in-troduced. Then the advantages and disadvantages of different POSS are analyzed. Moreover,the latest re-search progress on the incompletely condensed POSS modified materials (including modified epoxy,acrylic, silicone,polyurethane resin,etc. )is described. Finally,the development and application prospect of the in-completely condensed POSS are also dsicussed.

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英语缩合词是由两个或多个名词的各自一部分相互组合形成的词;结构形式可以是字母或是语素。其中,首字母缩合词被广泛使用。中文没有缩合词,而有缩略词,中文缩略词是由词组词省略部分汉字的压缩形式,是来源词的同名异表形式。中文缩略词较英语缩合词有许多优点。英语缩合词有一定局限性,在中文著作和媒体报道中应尽量不用或少用英语缩合词和缩略词,宜将其翻译成适当的中文缩略词。
English acronyms are created from parts of two or more words, generally form their part letters （mostly initial） or syllables. A lot of acronyms are occurred in modern English papers in various scientific fields. In Chinese language, there are no acronyms, but there exist abbreviations of Chinese words. Chinese abbreviations are shortened forms of simple or complex terms, and some Chinese words are omitted from original terms. Chinese abbreviations have many advantages in linguistics. We suggest that English acronyms should be substituted by Chinese abbreviations as much as possible in Chinese papers.

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介绍了维生素A的性质、用途和化学合成方法:Wittig-Horner缩合法、砜化物缩合法、Grignard缩合法和Knoevenagel缩合法.对维生素A与有机酸、维生素B6、氨基酸和维生素C等的衍生物研究和应用情况作了详细总结,并介绍了脂肪酶催化在维生素A的衍生物合成中的应用,最后对维生素A的发展作了展望.
The properties, applications, synthesis processes of vitamin A have been described. The synthesis processes includes: the Wittig-Horner reaction, Disulfone reaction, Grignard reaction and Knoevenagel Reaction respectievely. The research progress of its derivatives is also reviewed, such as esters of vitamin A and organic acid, the conjugates of vitamin A and vitamin B6, vitamin A-Amino acid conjugate, vitamin A-vitamin C conjugate. Enzymatic synthesis of retinol derivatives is also introduced. At last, the further study and application of vitamin A and its derivatives are prospected.

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由2,5-二氨基苯磺酸和四氯苯醌一缩合制得缩合物2,5-双（4-氨基-3-磺酸基苯胺）-3,6-二氯苯醌（A）；该缩合物在15%发烟硫酸和过氧二硫酸铵作用下，发生分子内环合制得3,10-二氨基-6,13-二氯三苯二恶嗪-4,11-二磺酸（B）；在氧化剂过氧化苯甲酰的作用下，B与苯亚磺酸钠二缩合得到三苯二恶嗪型酸性蓝AXG。本文对一缩合反应、环合反应、二缩合反应的物料配比、反应温度、反应时间等因素进行了探讨，找出了较佳反应条件。
2,5-Bis (4-amino-3-sulphophenylamino)-3,6-dichlorobenzoquinone was obtained via the condensation between 1,4-diaminobenzene-2-sulphonic acid and tetrachloro-p-benzoquinone. The condensation product then underwent an intramolecular cyclization in the presence of 15%oleum and ammonium peroxodisulfate to afford 3,10-diamino-6,13-dichlorotriphendioxazine-4,11-disulphonic acid, which reacted with benzenesulfinic acid sodium in the presence of benzoyl peroxide to afford triphendioxazine acid blue AXG. The material ratios, reaction temperature, and reaction time of both the condensations and the cyclization were discussed, and an optimized reaction condition was established.

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目的建立黔产红禾麻中总鞣质及缩合鞣质含量测定的方法。方法以没食子酸为对照品,采用磷钼钨酸-干酪素法测定总鞣质含量;以儿茶素为对照品,采用香草醛硫酸法测定缩合鞣质含量。结果红禾麻中总鞣质与缩合鞣质平均含量分别为(118.04±17.80)mg/g和(97.80±17.67)mg/g,红禾麻中鞣质以缩合鞣质为主要类型。结论该方法简便、准确、重复性好,可用于测定红禾麻中总鞣质及缩合鞣质含量。
Objective To establish the methods for the content determination of total tannins and condensed tannins in Laportea bulb-ifera from Guizhou. Methods The phosphomolybdium tungstic acid-casein method was adopted for detecting the total tannins content with gallic acid as the reference substance and the vanillin-H2SO4 method was adopted to detect the condensed tannins content with catechin as the reference substance. Results The average mass fractions of total tannins and condensed tannins in Laportea bulbifera were ( 118. 04 ± 17. 80 ) mg/g and ( 97. 80 ± 17. 67 ) mg/g respectively, the condensed tannins was the main type in Laportea bulbifera. Conclusion This method is simple, accurate and better repeatable, and is suitable for the determination of the totaltannin and con-densed tannins in Laportea bulbifera.

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应力腐蚀开裂(SCC)是化工设备腐蚀失效的主要形式。文章分析缩合反应釜应力腐蚀开裂的原因,提出预防缩合反应釜应力腐蚀措施。
Stress corrosion cracking is the main form of corrosion failures of chemical engineering equipment. This paper analyzed the cause of condensation reaction kettle stress corrosion cracking , and put forward measures to prevent that.

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以7-ACA为原料,通过与N-甲氧亚氨基呋喃乙酰氯缩合、3位水解、然后与氯磺酰异氰酸酯缩合水解得头孢呋辛酸,在与氯磺酰异氰酸酯的缩合反应过程中,用乙酸丁酯作为反应媒介具有操作简单、产品收率高等特点,适合于工业化生产。
7-ACA was condensated with SMIF-CL,hydrolyzed of 3-position and then reacted with another reagent CSI to finish the carbamoylation reaction ,and cefuroxime acid was obtained.The yield was improved and the proce-dure was simplified when n-Butyl acetate was used as solvent in the process ,so n-Butyl acetate can be applied to the large-scale preparation of cefuroxime acid.

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合成了同时含有Lewis和Br?nsted 碱性的复合碱性离子液体,研究了其在Knoevenagel 缩合反应中的催化性能,结果表明它对醛/酮与氰乙酸乙酯的缩合具有很好的催化活性,芳香醛的反应收产率可达85%~99%.考察了它催化Knoevenagel 缩合反应的溶剂效应,发现质子溶剂可以促进缩合反应,这一促进作用可能是由于质子溶剂通过氢键活化反应底物的羰基,降低了反应能垒而造成的.该离子液体可以循环使用3次,反应活性没有下降.
Lewis-Br?nsted combined basic ionic liquids are successfully synthesized. Their catalytic activity for the condensation of aldehydes/ketones with ethyl cyanoacetate is also investigated. The results show that these combined basic ionic liquids possess very high activity for Knoevenagel condensation. Different aromatic aldehydes react with cyanoacetate to give the corresponding products in 85%~99% yields. It is found that protonated solvents have higher activity than other solvents. This solvent effect is probably caused by the activation of carbonyl through hydrogen bond. The combined basic ionic liquids can be reused for 3 times without decrease of activity.

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