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双语推荐：遗传多样性

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本研究综述了SSR标记在水稻核心种质构建与评价、遗传结构、稻种起源演化等方面的研究进展。总结了水稻遗传多样性的地带性特征、遗传多样性与生态地理位置密切相关以及目前水稻品种遗传基础狭窄、多样性降低等特征,分析了遗传多样性成因及影响因素,特别指出了育种行为对遗传多样性的影响,并针对当前水稻品种遗传多样性较低的问题提出了对策。认为云南是中国稻种资源的最大遗传多样性中心和优异种质的富集地;西南稻区粳稻品种遗传多样性最丰富;南方稻区粳稻品种的遗传多样性高于北方粳稻遗传多样性。
In this paper,we overviewed the research progress on constructing and evaluation of core collection,genetic structure,and origin and evolution in rice based on SSR marker analysis.The results such as zonal character of rice genetic diversity,genetic diversity closely related with ecological and geographical location,rice varieties genetic base was narrow,and rice genetic diversity was decreasing were summarized.Base on above informations we analyzed the genetic diversity cause and influence factors,and specifically pointed out that the breeding behavior reduced the rice genetic diversity,and offered countermeasures for current narrow genetic diversity in rice.The conclusions that Yunnan province was the richest center of genetic and gene diversity of rice in China,the west southern kept richest japonica rice varieties genetic diversity,and the japonica rice varieties genetic diversity of southern rice region was higher than that of northern rice region were suggestted.

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西伯利亚杏是东北地区重要的果树和观赏植物资源,通过ISSR分子标记技术对东北地区2个西伯利亚杏自然居群的遗传多样性进行分析评价。根据多态性条带百分比(PPL)、Nei''s基因多样性指数(H)、Shannon信息指数(I)评价遗传多样性的大小,对西伯利亚杏个体和居群水平上的遗传多样性进行分析。结果表明:西伯利亚杏个体水平遗传多样性高于居群水平。居群水平上,通榆居群的遗传多样性较高;遗传变异主要存在于居群内部,且在居群内部分布较均匀。81份西伯利亚杏依据遗传相似系数构建的聚类分析图和PCA主成分分析图,二者研究结果一致,认为通榆居群的遗传多样性较高,东宁居群的西伯利亚杏可能是从通榆居群漂移过去的,并产生了适应当地生境的变异类型。因此认为东北西伯利亚杏保护的重点应是通榆居群以及东宁居群中的变异类型。
A .sibirica is an important resource of fruit trees and ornamental plants in northeast China . Using the technology of molecular markers of inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR ) ,the genetic diversity of two A .sibirica populations in northeast China was analyzed and evaluated .According to the percentage of polymorphic bands (PPL) ,Nei′s genetic diversity index (H) and Shannon information index (I) ,the genetic diversity in the level of individuals and populations of A .sibirica were analyzed . The results showed that genetic diversity on individual level was higher than population level .The genetic diversity of Tongyu population was higher on population level .The genetic variation mainly existed inside the popula-tions and was uniformly distributed in each population .Both the results of dendrogram and PCA principal component analyses based on genetic similarity coefficient for 81 samples of A .sibirica were unanimous . The genetic diversity of Tongyu population resource was higher

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利用ISSR分子标记技术对太行山特有濒危物种太行菊11个自然居群的遗传多样性进行研究。用10个引物对11个居群的122个样品进行扩增,共得到150个扩增位点,其中多态性位点149个,多态位点百分率(PPL)为99.33%。POPGENE分析显示,太行菊具有较高的遗传多样性(H=0.2149,I=0.3455)。沁阳市大西天居群的遗传多样性水平最高(H=0.1910,I=0.2969),山西陵川县大双村居群的遗传多样性水平最低(H=0.1356,I=0.2155)。Nei’s遗传多样性分析表明,11个自然居群间出现了较高的遗传分化(基因分化系数Gst=0.2566,基因流Nm=1.4488)。生境的的片段化和基因流障碍可能是导致太行菊居群间遗传分化显著的主要原因。通过对太行菊居群遗传多样性和遗传结构的分析,该文提出了一些保护策略。
Using inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR)analysis,the genetic diversity of 11 natural populations of Opis-thopapus taihangensis were investigated.Ten ISSR primers were used to amplify 122 individuals of 11 natural popu-lations.Using these primers,150 DNA fragments were produced,and 149 bands were polymorphic loci (PPL =99.33%).The result of POPGENE analysis indicated that genetic diversity of O .taihangensis was higher (I =0.2149,H =0.3455).Daxitian possessed the highest level of genetic diversity while Lingchuan population exhibited the lowest level of genetic diversity.A high level of genetic differentiation among 11 populations was detected based on Nei’s genetic diversity analysis (Gst =0.2566,Nm =1.4488).The main factors responsible for the high degree of genetic differentiation among populations may result from habitat fragmentation and barriers of gene flow.Based on genetic information available for O .taihangensis ,some conservation strategies proposed.

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为探讨人工砍伐后短柄枹栎(Quercus glandulifera var.brevipetiolata Nakai)居群的遗传关系,采用SSR分子标记技术,对短柄枹栎天然林中的4个次生林居群的遗传多样性、遗传结构进行研究。结果表明,筛选的7对SSR引物在4个居群内共揭示了101个等位基因。砍伐后恢复20年(20YAH)的短柄枹栎居群的遗传多样性最高,而砍伐后恢复1年(1YAH)和10年(10YAH)的遗传多样性相对较低。从长远来看,试验地居民特殊的砍伐习惯不会造成短柄枹栎天然林遗传多样性的变化。
In order to understand the genetic relationship of Quercus glandulifera var. brevipetiolata Nakai population, the genetic diversity and genetic structure in four secondary populations of Q. glandulifera var. brevipetiolata community were studied by using SSR markers. The results showed that 101 alleles existed in the four populations of Q. glandulifera var. brevipetiolata by using 7 pairs of SSR primers. The genetic diversity in population of 20-year after havesting (20YAH) was the highest, while those of 1YAH and 10YAH were low relatively. In the long term, the special logging habits of local residents will not inlfuence the genetic diversity of Q. glandulifera var. brevipetiolata nature forest.

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以玉米群体P4C0及其经过5轮控制双亲混合选择的改良群体为材料,利用SSR分子标记分析其遗传多样性变化。结果表明,经2~3轮选择后,从总体上看,群体多态位点数、多态位点比例、群体内单株间遗传距离、基因杂合度和遗传多样性指数等遗传多样性参数并未发生明显的变化,而进行5轮改良后,虽然每轮减小幅度较小,但累计减少较多。群体基因型数总体上是减小的趋势,但不同地点改良群体基因型数表现减少与增加交替出现的现象。以上结果表明,在改良低代,群体遗传多样性得到了较好的保持,而多代改良则可能会导致群体遗传多样性的下降;在不同生态条件下进行穿梭式群体改良,对加快改良进程,保持群体遗传多样性和提高选择效率都有一定的作用。
Five cycles of biparental mass selection ( MS ) were carried out in a narrow base synthetic maize population namely P4C0. The genetic diversity of 6 maize populations,including the basic population and the devel-oped populations,were evaluated by 51 SSR markers. The results showed that the number of polymorphic loci,the percentage of polymorphic loci,the mean genetic distance,the expected heterozygosity ( He) and the Shannon ge-netic diversity index ( I) displayed a descending trend with the advance of selection,while the change after 2 to 3 cycles were not significant. After 5 cycles,the cumulative reduction is larger although the decrease were slight for per cycle. The number of genotypes selected also decreases with selection presented the trend of declining with the advance of selection and related to the location where the populations were developed. It concluded that the genetic diversity maintained in early generations,especially in the 1st and 2nd cycles,while it declined in ad

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遗传多样性是甘薯品种遗传改良的基础。由于分子标记具有数量极大、不受环境及基因表达与否的限制、多为共显性、不影响生物性状表现等优点,现已在甘薯遗传多样性研究中得到广泛应用。本文比较了RAPD、AFLP、SSR、ISSR和SRAP等几种基于PCR的分子标记方法,分别从遗传差异和亲缘聚类分析两方面,对它们在甘薯遗传多样性研究中的应用进行了综述。对比分析表明ISSR是一种共显性、成本较低、重复性好、多态性较高且非常有发展前途的分子标记,并已经被广泛应用到甘薯遗传多样性、物种亲缘关系、系统分类和辅助育种研究中。
Genetic diversity is the basis for genetic improvement of sweet potato varieties. Due to the advantages of molecular markers, such as the great numbers, no restriction of environment and gene expression, mostly co-dominance, and no effection on biological traits, molecular markers technologies have been widely used in studies of genetic diversity in sweet potato. This paper compared several PCR-based molecular markers such as RAPD, AFLP, SSR, ISSR and SRAP. And their applications in the study of sweet potato genetic diversity were reviewed from two aspects, genetic differences and relationship cluster analysis, respectively. The comparative analysis indicated that ISSR was a kind of co-dominant and low cost molecular marker with good reproducibility, high polymorphism, and very promising prospect, which has been widely used in researches of sweet potato including genetic diversity, species relationship, taxonomy and assisted breeding.

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利用SRAP分子标记分析山西霍山不同海拔五角枫种群的遗传多样性和遗传结构。11对引物组合共得到88个重复性好的位点；Nei基因多样性指数（ h）在0.1996～0.3163之间，平均为0.2373；Shannon多样性指数（ I）范围为0.2995～0.4936，平均为0.3535；在物种水平上，多态位点百分率（ PPB）为98.86％，表现出较高地遗传多样性。 ANOVA分析表明，遗传变异主要存在于五角枫种群内（79％），21％的分子变异分布在种群间。基于遗传距离进行UPGMA聚类分析，5个五角枫种群聚为明显的2支。相关分析显示：五角枫的多样性指数与地理梯度均无显著或极显著相关。
To estimate genetic diversity and genetic structure of Acer mono maxim at different elevations, five natural populations were surveyed by using SRAP markers.A total of 11 pairs of SRAP primer combinations amplified 88 bands.Nei′s gene diversity ( h) and Shannon’ s information index ( I) were ranged from 0.1996 to 0.3163 and from 0.2995 to 0.4936, respectively.At species level, the percentage of polymorphic loci of Acer mono maxim ( PPB) was 98.86%, indicating a high genetic diversity occurred within Acer mono maxim.ANOVA showed that the genetic variation mainly existed within populations (79%) and only 21%among populations.Based on the genetic distance between populations, five populations mainly clustered into two groups.Correlation analysis revealed the rela-tionship between different diversity indices and soil chemical properties without significant or very significant correlation.

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利用两对叶绿体非编码区基因 trnH-psbA 和trnT-trnL，以及核基因 ITS 对黄檗25个自然种群进行了遗传结构和遗传多样性分析，结果表明黄檗具有较低的遗传多样性，且无明显的亲缘地理格局，但是在不同山系单倍型的分布具有不同的特点，推测长白山区域尤其是南部地区极有可能是黄檗冰期孑遗种群所在。因此，对长白山系、辽宁大板等遗传多样性高的大种群实施就地保护策略，同时在人工育种过程中，尽可能在多个群体中取样，最大限度地保护黄檗的遗传多样性。
The population genetic diversity and spatial genetic structure of P.amurense were investigated by applying two chloro-plast non-coding region of gene trnH-psbA and trnT-trnL and one ITS gene to 25 nature populations.The results show that the P.amurense has relatively low genetic diversity,and no significant phylogeography pattern.However,different mountains har-bor different haplotypes and Changbai Mountain sustains higher genetic diversity,which suggests there might be potential relict populations survived in the south of Changbai Mountain.Hence,to protect this endangered species,in situ conservation strategy should be implemented with an emphasis in Changbai Mountain.In addition,to reduce genetic diversity loss in future,our study suggests a wide-range sampling is essential for ex situ conservation purpose.

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运用SRAP分子标记研究了山东省3个钩齿溲疏居群的遗传多样性,结果显示,用15对引物共检测到244个位点,其中多态位点167个,物种水平多态位点百分率（PPL）68.44%,Nei’s基因多样性指数（H）0.2158,Shannon’s信息指数（I）0.3282,数据表明钩齿溲疏有较高的遗传多样性水平;居群间遗传分化系数（Gst）为0.3685,表明居群间遗传变异只占36.85%,远低于居群内遗传分化;在居群水平上,以崂山钩齿溲疏居群的遗传多样性最高,徂徕山最低;居群间遗传一致度（GI）和遗传距离（GD）变化范围分别为0.8350-0.8884和0.1184-0.1803,居群间的遗传距离与地理位置间没有直接相关性。
The genetic diversity of 3 Deutzia baroniana populations from Shandong Province was studied by sequence-related amplified polymorphism ( SRAP) .The main research results were as follows .Two hun-dred and forty four loci were identified with 15 SRAP primer combinations , and in which , 167 were polymor-phic ones.The proportion of polymorphic loci ( PPL) was 68.44%.The Nei’s gene diversity index ( H) was 0.2158, and Shannon’s information index(I)was 0.3282, which showed rich genetic diversity in Deutzia ba-roniana.The coefficient of genetic differentiation (Gst) was 0.3685, which suggested that the variation among populations occupied only 36.85%and was much lower than that in populations .At the level of populations , Laoshan population contained the highest genetic diversity , while Culaishan population had the lowest .The Nei’s genetic identity ( GI) and genetic distance ( GD) between populations were 0.8350 ~0.8884 and 0 .1184~0 .1803 respectively , and the genetic dista

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采用 ISSR 标记方法，对广西火桐 Erythropsis kwangsiensis 10个自然种群和1个迁地保护种群的遗传多样性和遗传结构进行了分析和比较。结果表明：用10个引物从广西火桐总 DNA 中共扩增出60条带，其中多态性条带51条。自然种群中以维新种群的遗传多样性最高，而三叠岭瀑布种群最低。自然种群的总遗传变异 Ht 为0.2815，种群内遗传变异 HS 为0.0764，种群间遗传变异为0.2051，基因流为0.1832。迁地保护种群的 HEt 和HES 均为0.1188。自然种群间存在一定程度的遗传分化(Gst =0.7319)，种群间变异占主导地位。合并后的自然种群的多态性条带百分率（RPPB）、Nei’s 多样性指数(H)和 Shannon 信息指数(I)均高于迁地保护种群，分别为85.00%和31.67%、0.2841和0.1188、0.4285和0.1757。研究结果表明：广西火桐迁地保护种群的遗传多样性较低，未能涵盖整个种群。建议从多个自然种群中收集种子，尽可能多的采集样本，分区育苗种植，以增加遗传多样性水平。
Genetic diversity and structure of ten natural populations and one ex-situ conservation population of Erythropsis kwangsiensis were analyzed and compared by ISSR marker method. The results show that Sixty bands were amplified from total genomic DNA with 10 primers,in which there were 51 polymorphic bands; Of the ten natural populations, the percentages of polymorphic band (PPB), Nei’s diversity index (h) and Shannon information index (I) of Weixin population were the highest, and those of Sandieling waterfall were the lowest; The total genetic differentiation (Ht) of natural populations was 0.281 5, with HS=0.076 4 in populations, 0.205 1 among populations, and the gene flow was 0.183 2; However, the genetic differentiation values (HEt and HES) both were 0.118 8 in ex-situ conservation population; There existed a genetic differentiation (Gst= 0.731 9) among natural populations but the differentiation between populations occupied an leading position. The genetic diversity val

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