就除草剂对藻类生长及群落组成的影响、致毒机理、藻类对除草剂的富集和降解进行综述。相对于其他水生植物和浮游动物,除草剂对藻类的毒性更低。低毒除草剂对藻类生长的影响呈低浓度促进、高浓度抑制的趋势,而高毒除草剂低浓度时就产生抑制作用,且除草剂与其他化合物具有联合毒性。藻类密度与浮游动物的摄食率密切相关,除草剂对浮游动物的直接毒性会影响浮游藻类的群落结构组成。除草剂对抗氧化系统的损伤和对光合作用的抑制是除草剂对藻类的重要致毒机理。藻类对除草剂的富集能力与藻细胞的生物量和表面积相关,其降解过程可能需要异养细菌的参与。

The toxicities and toxicological mechanisms of herbicides to the growth and community compo -sition of algae were reviewed .The toxicities of herbicides to algae are relatively lower compared to those to a-quatic plants and zooplankton .The growth of algae is stimulated under low level of low toxicity of herbicides , and inhibited under high herbicide concentrations .On the contrary ,it is inhibited under low level of high toxici-ty of herbicides.Joint toxic effects occur when herbicides are coexisted with other chemical compounds .The density of algae and the feeding rate of zooplankton are closely ralated .The community composition of algae is affected by the toxicities of herbicides to zooplankton .The effects of herbicides to antioxidant system and photo-synthesis of algae are important toxicological mechanism .The enrichment capability of algae to herbicides is as-sociated with biomass and cell surface area of algae .Heterotrophic bacteria may be involved in the degradation of her

全面摸清黑龙江省农田除草剂使用情况,将会对黑龙江农业生产及农业生态环境的改善起到重要作用。笔者在黑龙江省首次较全面系统地对国内外除草剂生产企业及部分农药经销商采用调查表的形式,调查了黑龙江除草剂使用的品种、使用量及在各地区的分布情况,为指导除草剂的合理应用提供理论依据。黑龙江农药使用以除草剂为主,占农药量的85%以上。在黑龙江应用的除草剂品种单剂55种、混剂41种,其中旱田单剂34种、混剂29种,水田单剂21种、混剂12种。2012年除草剂使用商品量59504 t,有效量28693 t,可用面积3575万hm2次。2012年除草剂商品使用量比2011年增加11.9%;有效量增加7.7%;可使用面积增加12.9%。在全省分布方面,哈尔滨占33%,因为哈尔滨是农药的集散地;其次是佳木斯占22%,齐齐哈尔17%。建议建立经济、合理使用除草剂的标准体系,限制和减少长残留除草剂的生产和使用,推广应用安全、高效的除草剂品种。

A comprehensive understanding of farmland usage of herbicide in Heilongjiang Province, will play an important role in Heilongjiang agricultural production and the improvement of agricultural ecological environment. The author comprehensively and systematically examined the varieties of herbicide used in Heilongjiang, the usage and distribution in parts of the world for the first time, and this survey was for the herbicide pesticide production enterprises and some dealers at home and abroad in the form of questionnaire, which can provide theoretical basis for the reasonable application of herbicide. Herbicide was priority pesticide used in Heilongjiang Province, which was over 85%of the amount of pesticide. The herbicide used in Heilongjiang including 55 kinds of single dose, 41 kinds of mixed dose, and of which there were 34 kinds of single dose and 29 kinds of mixed dose used in dry farmland, there were 21 kinds of single dose and 12 kinds of mixed dose used in paddy field.

长残留除草剂大量应用于苜蓿田，对于后茬作物的危害严重。试验运用高效液相色谱法，分析肇东苜蓿田除草剂残留，探讨苜蓿除草剂残留的筛查检测技术，确立快速、有效的筛选方法，为正确评价长残留除草剂对苜蓿根系生长环境的影响提供理论参考。

Long residue herbicides used in alfalfa field in great quantities are serious harm to subsequent crop. The test using high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) analyzed Zhaodong alfalfa field herbicide residues, discussed screening tests technology of herbicide residue,and established a rapid,effective screening method. It should provide theoretical reference for correct evaluation of long herbicide residues effect on alfalfa root growth environment.

通过对麦田杂草生长状况以及影响麦田除草剂使用因素的剖析,针对性地提出了解决对策和途径,包括除草剂类型的选择,最佳防治期的选择,根据常见麦田的杂草选择何种化学除草药剂,除草药剂量的使用,提高除草剂喷施质量的要求等,并结合近几年我国小麦田的优势杂草种类,主要应用的除草剂分析了目前国内麦田杂草的抗药性现状及防治对策。

The countermeasures and ways to solve the weeds in wheat field including choosing the type of herbicide, optimal control period, types of common chemical herbicide and control ing the doses and requirement of improving the spraying quality were put forward by analysing the growth of weeds and influencing factors of herbicide efficacy in wheat field. At the same time, through the analysis of the main worst weed species and application status of herbicides, herbicide-resistant weeds in wheat fields of China and integrated management strategies for resistant weeds were also described in this paper.

在河北省隆化县,玉米田化学除草剂药害发生程度逐渐加重、面积逐年加大,严重影响了玉米生产。分析了造成玉米田化学除草剂药害的主要原因,并提出了合理适期选用化学除草剂、注意天气情况、提高喷药技术,运用农业技术并辅助喷洒植物生长调节剂等措施,可以预防和缓解药害的发生。

The occurrence degree of chemical herbicide phytotoxicity in maize fields in Longhua County of Hebei Province was gradually increased and the occurrence area was enlarged year by year , which seriously affected the production of maize.In the paper, the main causes of chemical herbicide phytotoxicity in maize fields was analyzed, and the measures such as proper selection of chemical herbicides, paying attention to the weather condition, improving the spraying technology, application of agricultural technology and assisted spraying plant growth regulator were proposed to prevent and mitigate the phytotoxicity.